Tue·Jan 7, 2025Tuesday·January 7, 2025

1. 01*

   Electric dipole moments from the perspective of a scalar triplet and singlet extension of the MSSM: A study of neutrons, electrons, mercury, and b and c quarks

   Qing-hua Li🇨🇳 · Jin-Lei Yang🇨🇳 · Xiang Yang🇨🇳 · Tai-Fu Feng🇨🇳

   In the framework of the minimal supersymmetric model extension with new scalar triplets and singlet (TNMSSM), we analyze the electric dipole moment (EDM) of neutron ($d_n$), electron EDM($d_e$), the mercury EDM($d_{Hg}$), $b$ quark ($d_b$) and $c$ quark ($d_c$) by considering the contributions from the one-loop diagrams, some two-loop diagrams and the Weinberg operators. The effects of TNMSSM specific CPV sources ${\chi }_d,{\chi }_t$ on $d_n$, $d_e$, $d_{Hg}$, $d_b$, $d_c$ are specialized, it is found that they have significant contributions to these EDMs, and the current upper bounds on $d_n$ impose strict constraints on ${\chi }_d,{\chi }_t$. The theoretical predictions on $d_b$, $d_c$ can reach about $10^{-22}$ e$\cdot$cm and $10^{-23}$ e$\cdot$cm respectively by taking the upper bounds on $d_n$, $d_e$, $d_{Hg}$ into account, which have great potential to be observed in future.

   hep-phPRD(2025)·1 citation
2. 02*

   Probing a Heavy Dark $Z$ Boson at Multi-TeV Muon Colliders: Leveraging the Optimized Recoil Mass Technique

   Kingman Cheung🇹🇼 · Jinheung Kim🇰🇷 · Soojin Lee🇰🇷 · Prasenjit Sanyal🇰🇷 · Jeonghyeon Song🇰🇷

   We investigate the discovery potential of multi-TeV muon colliders for a heavy dark $Z$ boson ($Z_{\mathrm{D}}$) with a mass above 1 TeV through the associated production channel ${\mu }^{+}{\mu }^{-}\to Z_{\mathrm{D}}\gamma$. This process enables precise $M_{Z_{\mathrm{D}}}$ reconstruction using the photon recoil mass ($m_{\mathrm{recoil}}$). Focusing on the $Z_{\mathrm{D}}\to jjX$ and $Z_{\mathrm{D}}\to e^{+}{e}^{-}$ decay modes, we present strategies for achieving high sensitivity to the kinetic mixing parameter $\epsilon$ at 3, 6, and 10 TeV muon colliders with integrated luminosities of 1, 4, and 10 ab${}^{-1}$ respectively, assuming $Z_{\mathrm{D}}$ decays exclusively into Standard Model particles. A key innovation is our optimized implementation of $M_{Z_{\mathrm{D}}}$-dependent cuts on $m_{\mathrm{recoil}}$, which accounts for the energy-dependent detector response. For heavier $Z_{\mathrm{D}}$, the associated photon becomes less energetic, leading to better photon energy resolution and thus enabling more stringent $m_{\mathrm{recoil}}$ cuts. This approach enhances $\epsilon$ sensitivity for heavier $Z_{\mathrm{D}}$. Conversely, for lighter $Z_{\mathrm{D}}$, the lower-energy electron pair from $Z_{\mathrm{D}}\to e^{+}{e}^{-}$ enables tighter cuts on the invariant mass of the electron pair ($m_{ee}$), providing better sensitivity in the lighter mass regime. Combining these complementary $m_{\mathrm{recoil}}$- and $m_{ee}$-based selections with both $jjX$ and $e^{+}{e}^{-}$ channels, we achieve $\epsilon$ sensitivity down to $O\left(10^{-3}\right)$ as $M_{Z_{\mathrm{D}}}$ approaches $\sqrt{s}$, substantially surpassing the reach of a 100 TeV proton-proton collider. Even if $Z_{\mathrm{D}}$ decays into dark-sector particles, the recoil mass method remains effective, establishing muon colliders as powerful facilities for exploring heavy dark sectors.

   hep-phhep-exPRD(2025)·8 citations
3. 03*

   Constraining electromagnetic couplings of ultralight scalars from compact stars

   Tanmay Kumar Poddar🇮🇹 · Amol Dighe🇮🇳

   If an ultralight scalar interacts with the electromagnetic fields of a compact rotating star, then a long-range scalar field is developed outside the star. The Coulomb-like profile of the scalar field to the leading order is equivalent to an effective scalar charge on the star. In a binary star system, the scalar-induced charge would result in a long-range force between the stars, with the scalar field acting as the mediator. The scalar-photon interactions would modify Maxwell's equations for electromagnetic fields in vacuum, resulting in a modified dispersion relation. This could be observed as an apparent redshift for photons emitted by such sources. The scalar field would also induce additional electric and magnetic fields and hence affect the electromagnetic energy radiated from such compact objects. A scalar field sourced by time-varying electromagnetic fields can also carry away energy from a compact star in the form of radiation, and hence contribute to its spin-down luminosity. We constrain the scalar-photon coupling from the measurements of the electromagnetic radiation of a compact star and from its spin-down luminosity, using the Crab pulsar, the soft gamma repeater SGR 1806-20, and the gamma ray burst GRB 080905A. We also project the prospective bounds on the coupling from future measurements of the long-range force between two compact stars in a binary such as PSR J0737-3039, and from the apparent redshifts of compact stars. Future advances in precision-clock sensitivity and targeted observations of stars with strong surface magnetic fields, large radii, and low-frequency emission can substantially tighten these coupling limits.

   hep-phastro-ph.COgr-qc5 citations
4. 04*

   How to determine nucleon polarization at existing collider experiments?

   Yu-Tie Liang🇨🇳 · Xiao-Rong Lv🇨🇳 · Andrzej Kupsc🇸🇪 · Boxing Gou🇨🇳 · Hai-Bo Li🇨🇳

   We propose a novel approach to measure spin polarization of nucleons produced in electron--positron collisions. Using existing tracking devices and supporting structure material, general-purpose spectrometers can be utilized as a large-acceptance polarimeter without hardware upgrade. With the proposed approach, the spin polarization of nucleons can be revealed, providing a complementary and accurate description of the final-state particles. This could have far-reaching implications, such as enabling the complete determination of the time-like electromagnetic form factors of nucleons.

   hep-phhep-exPRD(2025)·12 citations
5. 05*

   Non-linear corrections to the derivative of nuclear reduced cross-section at small $x$ at a future electron-ion collider

   G.R.Boroun🇮🇷

   The determination of non-linear corrections to the nuclear distribution functions due to the HIJING parametrization within the framework of perturbative QCD, specifically the GLR-MQ equations, is discussed. We analyze the possibility of constraining the non-linear corrections present in distribution functions using the inclusive observables that will be measured in future electron-ion colliders (EIC and EICc). The results show that non-linear corrections play an important role in heavy nuclear reduced cross sections at low $x$ and low $Q^2$ values. We find that the non-linear corrections provide the correct behavior of the extracted nuclear cross sections and that our results align with data from the nCETQ15 parametrization group. We are currently discussing a satisfactory description of the non-linear corrections to the shadowing effect at small $x$.

   hep-phCPC(2026)·1 citation
6. 06*

   Wide-angle pion-Delta(1232) photoproduction

   P. Kroll🇩🇪

   High-energy wide-angle photoproduction of pion-Delta final states is investigated within the handbag mechanism to twist-3 accuracy. In this approach the process amplitudes factorize in a hard partonic subprocess and and in form factors which represent 1/x-moments of p-Delta transition generalized parton distributions (GPDs) at zero skewness. The subproces, calculated to twist-3 accuracy, is the same as in pion photoproduction. The p-Delta GPDs are related to the proton-proton GPDs exploiting large-N_C results. The proton-proton GPDs as well as the twist-2 and twist-3 pion distribution amplitudes appearing in the subprocess are taken from other work. Reasonable agreement with experiment is found in this almost parameter-free analysis.

   hep-ph0 citations
7. 07*

   Intrinsic charm and $D^{+}{D}^{-}$ asymmetry produced in proton-proton collisions

   G.I.Lykasov🇷🇺 · M.N.Sorokovikov🇷🇺 · S.J.Brodsky🇺🇸

   We investigate the contribution of the charm-anticharrm ($c\bar{c}$) asymmetry of the proton eigenstate obtained from QCD lattice gauge to the asymmetry of $D^{+}{D}^{-}$ and $D^0{\bar{D}}^0$ mesons produced in $pp$ collisions at large Feynman variables $x$. It is shown that an important tool for the establishing the intrinsic charm (IC) content of the proton is the charm hadron-antihadron asymmetry formed in $pp$ collisions. Predictions for the asymmetry as function of $x$ for different IC probabilities are presented. We show that the interference of the intrinsic $|uudc\bar{c}>$ Fock state with the standard contribution from the PQCD evolution leads to a large $D^{+}{D}^{-}$ asymmetry at large Feynman $x$.

   hep-phPRD(2025)·2 citations
8. 08*

   Hybrid high-energy factorization and evolution at NLO from the high-energy limit of collinear factorization

   Andreas van Hameren🇵🇱 · Maxim Nefedov🇮🇱

   We derive the scheme of NLO computations of generic observables in high-energy hadron-hadron collisions within the framework of high-energy factorization (HEF) with one off-shell initial-state parton, by taking a high-energy limit of the NLO computation in collinear factorization (CF). The NLO terms belonging to the projectile and target are identified and the ambiguity of projectile-target separation is related with the Collins-Soper scale (${\mu }_Y$). The NLO unintegrated PDF(UPDF) is constructed in terms of the usual PDFs, and its ${\mu }_Y$-evolution reproduces the Collins-Soper-Sterman equation in the TMD limit ($|k_{\perp }|\ll {\mu }_Y$). The resummation of high-energy logarithms is taken care of by the BFKL-Collins-Ellis evolution of the Green's function in the UPDF.

   hep-phJHEP(2025)·10 citations
9. 09*

   Footprint in fitting $B\to D$ vector form factor and determination for $D$-meson leading-twist LCDA

   Sheng-Bo Wu🇨🇳 · Hai-Jiang Tian🇨🇳 · Yin-Long Yang🇨🇳 · Wei Cheng🇨🇳 · Hai-Bing Fu🇨🇳 · Tao Zhong🇨🇳

   In this paper, we fit the $B\to D$ vector transition form factor (TFF) by using the data measured by \textsl{BABAR} and Belle Collaborations within Monte Carlo (MC) method. Meanwhile, the $B\to D$ TFF is also calculated by using the QCD light-cone sum rules approach (LCSRs) within right-handed chiral current correlation function. In the TFF, $D$-meson leading-twist light-cone distribution amplitude (LCDA) is the most important non-perturbative input parameter, the precise behavior of which is mainly determined by the parameter $B_{2;D}$ in the light-cone harmonic oscillator model. Through fitting the TFF, we determine the value $B_{2;D}=0.445$. Then, we present the curve of $D$-meson leading-twist LCDA in comparison with other theoretical approaches. Subsequently, the $B\to D$ TFF $f_{+}^{BD}(q^2)$ at the large recoil region is $f_{+}^{BD}(0)=0.648_{-0.063}^{+0.067}$, which is compared in detail with theoretical estimates and experimental measurements. Furthermore, we calculated the decay width and branching fractions of the Cabibbo-favored semileptonic decays $B\to D{\ell }^{+}{\nu }_{\ell }$, which lead to the results $\mathcal{B}(B^0\to D^{-}{\ell }^{+}{\nu }_{\ell })=(2.10_{-0.38}^{+0.44})\times 10^{-2}$ and $\mathcal{B}(B^{+}\to {\bar{D}}^0{\ell }^{+}{\nu }_{\ell })=(2.26_{-0.41}^{+0.48})\times 10^{-2}$. Finally, we predict the CKM matrix element with two scenarios $|V_{cb}{|}_{\mathrm{SR}}=41.55_{-4.50}^{+4.91}\times 10^{-3}$ and $|V_{cb}{|}_{\mathrm{MC}}=41.47_{-2.66}^{+2.55}\times 10^{-3}$ from $B^0\to D^{-}{\ell }^{+}{\nu }_{\ell }$, $|V_{cb}{|}_{\mathrm{SR}}=40.54_{-3.80}^{+4.33}\times 10^{-3}$ and $|V_{cb}{|}_{\mathrm{MC}}=40.46_{-1.38}^{+1.40}\times 10^{-3}$ from $B^{+}\to {\bar{D}}^0{\ell }^{+}{\nu }_{\ell }$ which are in good agreement with theoretical and experimental predictions.

   hep-phEPJC(2025)·5 citations
10. 10*

    Topological susceptibility and axion properties in the presence of a strong magnetic field within the three-flavor NJL model

    J.P. Carlomagno🇦🇷 · D. Gómez Dumm🇦🇷 · N.N Scoccola🇦🇷

    We analyze the topological susceptibility and the axion properties in the presence of an external uniform magnetic field, considering a three flavor NJL model that includes strong CP violation through a 't Hooft-like flavor mixing term. Both thermal and finite density effects are studied for magnetic fields up to 1 GeV${}^2$, and the corresponding phase transitions are analyzed. To capture the inverse magnetic catalysis effect at finite temperatures and densities, a magnetic field-dependent coupling constant is considered. Our analytical and numerical results are compared with those previously obtained from lattice QCD, chiral perturbation theory and other effective models.

    hep-phPRD(2025)·5 citations
11. 11*

    Valence quark-stopping and gluon junction-stopping scenarios in electron-nucleus collisions at the forthcoming Electron-Ion Collider: Which one is correct?

    Ting-Ting Duan🇨🇳 · Fu-Hu Liu🇨🇳 · Khusniddin K. Olimov🇺🇿

    In the current literature, two stopping scenarios are being discussed in the context of high-energy collisions: the valence quark scenario and the gluon or baryon junction scenario. In the valence quark-stopping scenario, three valence quarks each contribute one-third of the baryon number within a baryon. Conversely, in the gluon junction-stopping scenario, the gluon junction is responsible for carrying the entire baryon number. At present, there is no consensus regarding which type of stopping scenario is correct. Based on a multi-source thermal model, our investigation indicates that the experimental data analyzed in both previous and present studies suggest that the valence quark-stopping scenario is more suitable for semi-quantitative discussions in high-energy collisions. It is anticipated that this scenario can be further validated through electron-nucleus ($eA$) collisions at the forthcoming Electron-Ion Collider (EIC).

    hep-phhep-exnucl-exnucl-th0 citations
12. 12*

    Evidence of the open-flavor tetraquark $T_{c\bar{s}2}$ in the process $B^{+}\to D^{\ast -}{D}_s^{+}{\pi }^{+}$

    Wen-Tao Lyu🇨🇳 · Li-Juan Liu🇨🇳 · En Wang🇨🇳

    The newly observed open-flavor tetraquark $T_{c\bar{s}0}(2900)$ has attracted many attentions, and searching for its spin partners is crucial to exploring the internal structure of those states. In this work, we will show that, the $D_s^{+}{\pi }^{+}$ invariant mass distribution of the process $B^{+}\to D^{\ast -}{D}_s^{+}{\pi }^{+}$ measured by LHCb has a resonant-like structure around 2830~MeV, which could be associated with the predicted $T_{c\bar{s}2}$, the spin $J=2$ partner of $T_{c\bar{s}0}(2900)$. Furthermore, we have evaluated the momenta of the angular mass distribution, which are very different for each of the spin assumptions, and have larger strength at the resonant energy than the peaks seen in the angular integrated mass distribution. We make a call for the experimental determination of these magnitudes, which could be used to pin down the existence of the $T_{c\bar{s}2}$.

    hep-phEPJC(2025)·5 citations
13. 13*

    Roles of the $N(1535)$ and $a_0(980)$ in the process ${\Lambda }_c^{+}\to {\pi }^{+}\eta n$

    Meng-Yuan Li🇨🇳 · Wen-Tao Lyu🇨🇳 · Li-Juan Liu🇨🇳 · En Wang🇨🇳

    We have investigated the process ${\Lambda }_c^{+}\to {\pi }^{+}\eta n$ by taking into account the contributions from the nucleon resonance $N(1535)$ and the scalar meson $a_0(980)$, which could be dynamically generated by the interaction of the $S$-wave pseudosalar meson-octet baryon and the $S$-wave pseudosalar meson-pseudosalar meson, respectively. Our results show that, in $\eta n$ invariant mass distribution, there is a significant near-threshold enhancement structure, which could be associated with $N(1535)$. On the other hand, one can find a clear cusp structure of $a_0(980)$ in ${\pi }^{+}\eta$ invariant mass distribution. We further estimate the ratio $R$ = $\mathcal{B}({\Lambda }_c^{+}\to a_0(980{)}^{+}n)/\mathcal{B}({\Lambda }_c^{+}\to {\pi }^{+}\eta n)\approx 0.313$. Our results can be tested by BESIII, Belle~II, and the proposed Super Tau-Charm Facility experiments in the future.

    hep-phPRD(2025)·11 citations
14. 14*

    Electroweak phase transition with the confinement scale of the strong sector or dilaton in the minimal composite Higgs model

    Vo Quoc Phong🇻🇳 · Truong Van Tien · Phan Hong Khiem🇻🇳

    The minimal Composite Higgs model (MCHM) provides an effective trigger for the Baryogenesis scenario through the confinement scale of the strong sector ($f$) or dilaton ($\chi$). $f$ is a parameter with mass dimension, which stores the resonances of particles at high energies and has a suitable value of about $800$ GeV. But when $300$ GeV $\le f\le 400$ GeV, the effective Higgs potential has a first-order electroweak phase transition. Therefore, although $f$ cannot be a perfect trigger, it does suggest an effective approach that accommodates the resonances of particles. Thus the investigation of the electroweak phase transition according to $f$ has confirmed that the inclusion of the dilaton in the effective potential is reasonable. Accordingly, we derive a dilaton potential with appropriate parameter domains and $f=800$ GeV; the mass of the dilaton ranges from $300$ GeV to $700$ GeV, which will give an electroweak phase transition strength greater than $1$ and less than $3$, enough for a first-order phase transition. This is a direct and clear evidence of the triggers for the first-order EWPT in the MCHM.

    hep-ph0 citations
15. 15*

    Chiral dynamics: Quo vadis?

    Ulf-G. Meißner🇩🇪

    I review the status of chiral dynamics. Topics include pion-pion scattering, dynamically generated states in the hadron spectrum and the emergence of two-pole structures, chiral symmetry in nuclear physics and chiral dynamics in the Big Bang.

    hep-phhep-exhep-lathep-th+1PoS(2026)·1 citation
16. 16*

    Geometric optics analysis in Lorentz violating Chern-Simons electrodynamics

    Arpan Das🇮🇳 · Hriditi Howlader🇮🇳 · Alekha C. Nayak🇮🇳

    We study the geometric optics limit of the electrodynamics in the presence of Lorentz violating Chern-Simons term in (3+1) dimensions. The Chern-Simons term couples the dual electromagnetic tensor to an external four-vector and the electromagnetic gauge field. For a fixed external four-vector, such a Chern-Simons term violates Lorentz invariance while maintaining the gauge invariance of the theory. In this analysis, we look into the consequences of Lorentz symmetry violating Chern-Simons term within the geometric optics limit of light rays propagating from a source to an observation point. We argue that the Ricci tensor and the Lorentz-violating term modify the dynamical equation for the gauge vector field. However, in the geometric optics limit, neither the space-time curvature nor the Chern-Simons term influences the intensity of light. Unlike the intensity, the polarization of light, on the other hand, can be influenced by the Lorentz-violating Chern-Simons term. Due to such an effect in the presence of Chern-Simons term, the photon emitting from astrophysical objects can undergo a change in polarization as it propagates in space.

    hep-ph0 citations
17. 17*

    Experimental limits on quantum decoherence from $B$ meson systems

    Ashutosh Kumar Alok🇮🇳 · Neetu Raj Singh Chundawat🇮🇳 · Jitendra Kumar🇮🇳 · Saurabh Rai🇮🇳 · S. Uma Sankar🇮🇳

    Neutral $B$-meson systems serve as critical tests of the Standard Model and play a key role in limiting its extensions. While these systems are typically studied under the assumption of perfect quantum coherence, interactions with the environment can lead to decoherence. Such decoherence effects can obscure the measured values of key parameters such as the oscillation frequency $\Delta m$ and $CP$-violating parameter $\sin 2\beta$. Using the experimental data, we present the first combined analysis of mixing asymmetry and $CP$-asymmetry measurements for $B_d$-mesons, which indicates that ${\lambda }_d$ is non-zero at approximately $6\sigma$. We also establish the first experimental constraints on the decoherence parameter ${\lambda }_s$ for $B_s$-mesons, finding it to be non-zero at $3\sigma$.

    hep-phhep-ex1 citation
18. 18*

    Predictions for Bottomonium from a Relativistic Screened Potential Model

    Chaitanya Anil Bokade🇮🇳 · Bhaghyesh🇮🇳

    In this work, a comprehensive analysis of the mass spectra and decay properties of bottomonium states using a relativistic screened potential model is carried out. The mass spectrum, decay constants, $E1$ transitions, $M1$ transitions, and annihilation decay widths are evaluated. The interpretation of ${\rm Y}(10355)$, ${\rm Y}(10580)$,${\rm Y}(10860)$, and ${\rm Y}(11020)$ as $S-D$ mixed bottomonium states are analysed. The ${\rm Y}(10355)$ state is considered to be $3S-2D$, ${\rm Y}(10580)$ state is considered to be $4S-3D$ mixed state, the ${\rm Y}(10753)$ is obtained as purely ${{\rm Y}}_1(3D)$ bottomonium state, and the ${\rm Y}(10860)$ and ${\rm Y}(11020)$ are deemed to be $5S-4D$ mixed states.

    hep-phCPC(2025)·9 citations
19. 19*

    The trace distance between density matrices, a nifty tool in new-physics searches

    Marco Fabbrichesi🇮🇹 · Matthew Low🇺🇸 · Luca Marzola🇪🇪

    Quantum information methods have been brought to bear on high-energy physics, including the study of entanglement and Bell nonlocality in collider experiments. Quantum information observables have also been employed to constrain possible new physics effects. We improve on this point by introducing quantum information tools routinely used to compare quantum states: the trace distance and the fidelity. We find that the former outperforms other quantum information observables considered in the literature and, together with the cross section, yields the strongest bounds on possible departures from the Standard Model. The power of the proposed methodology is demonstrated with three examples of new physics searches. The first concerns the chromomagnetic dipole moment of the top quark and yields the first bound computed by means of quantum tomography and actual experimental data. The other two examples use Monte Carlo simulations and set the projected limits on the anomalous couplings of the $\tau$ leptons at Belle and at a future collider, which is taken to be LEP3. For these new physics searches we also compare the sensitivity of the trace distance to those of other quantum information quantities like concurrence, magic, and the fidelity distance. In passing, we provide the first determinations of magic in colliders data by analyzing the top-quark pair production at the LHC and the charmonium decays. The significance is well above the $5\sigma$ level in both the cases.

    hep-phhep-exquant-phPRD(2025)·28 citations
20. 20*

    Neutrino energy and momentum emission from magnetized dense quark matter

    Ritesh Ghosh🇺🇸 · Igor A. Shovkovy🇺🇸

    Using first-principles field-theoretic methods, we investigate neutrino emission from strongly magnetized dense quark matter under conditions relevant to compact stars. We develop a customized approximation that fully accounts for the Landau-level quantization of electron states while neglecting such quantization for quarks. This approach is well-justified in dense quark matter, where the chemical potentials of up and down quarks significantly exceed those of electrons. Our analysis provides a detailed exploration of the influence of strong magnetic fields on neutrino emission, including both the modification of the total emission rate and the emergence of emission asymmetry relative to the magnetic field direction. We further examine the role of temperature in smoothing the oscillatory behavior of neutrino emission as a function of magnetic field strength. Additionally, we study the interplay between the Landau-level quantization of electrons and the Fermi-liquid effects of quarks in modifying the phase space of relevant weak processes. Finally, we briefly discuss the broader implications of magnetic fields on stellar cooling processes and the potential contribution of asymmetric neutrino emission to pulsar kicks.

    hep-phastro-ph.HEhep-thnucl-thJHEP(2025)·4 citations
21. 21*

    Bell Inequality Violation of Light Quarks in Back-to-Back Dihadron Pair Production at Lepton Colliders

    Kun Cheng🇺🇸 · Bin Yan🇨🇳

    Spin correlations between particles produced at colliders provide valuable insights for quantum information studies. While traditional studies of quantum information at colliders are typically limited to massive particles with perturbative decay, we propose an innovative method to explore the Bell inequality in massless quark pair systems by analyzing the azimuthal correlations in back-to-back ${\pi }^{+}{\pi }^{-}$ dihadron pair production at lepton colliders. Revisiting the Belle data, we have shown the potential to detect Bell inequality violation of light quarks by introducing an additional angular cut, achieving a significance of 2.5 $\sigma$ even in the worst-case scenario of 100% correlated systematic uncertainties in each bins. The significance substantially exceeds $5\sigma$ when considering uncorrelated systematic uncertainties. Our approach opens avenues for exploring spin quantum information in the non-perturbative aspect and leverages existing data for quantum information research.

    hep-phhep-exnucl-exnucl-thPRL(2025)·62 citations
22. 22*

    Complementarity between Cosmic String Gravitational Waves and long-lived particle searches in a laboratory

    Satyabrata Datta🇨🇳 · Ambar Ghosal🇮🇳 · Anish Ghoshal🇵🇱 · Graham White🇬🇧

    Cosmic strings are powerful witnesses to cosmic events including any period of early matter domination. If such a period of matter domination was catalysed by metastable, long-lived particles, then there will be complementary signals to ascertain the nature of dark sector in experiments detecting primordial features in the gravitational wave (GW) power spectrum and laboratory searches for long-lived particles. We give explicit examples of global and local U(1) gauge extended dark sectors to demonstrate such a complementarity as the union of the two experiments reveals more information about the dark sector than either experiment. Demanding that Higgs-portal long-lived scalar be looked for, in various experiments such as DUNE, FASER, FASER-II, MATHUSLA, SHiP, we identify the parameter space which leads to complementary observables for GW detectors such as LISA and ET.

    hep-phastro-ph.COhep-thPRD(2025)·10 citations
23. 23*

    Effective field theories for dark matter pairs in the early universe: Debye mass effects

    Simone Biondini🇨🇭 · Nora Brambilla🇩🇪 · Andrii Dashko🇩🇪 · Gramos Qerimi🇩🇪 · Antonio Vairo🇩🇪

    In some scenarios for the early universe, non-relativistic thermal dark matter chemically decouples from the thermal environment once the temperature drops well below the dark matter mass. The value at which the energy density freezes out depends on the underlying model. In a simple setting, we provide a comprehensive study of heavy fermionic dark matter interacting with the light degrees of freedom of a dark thermal sector whose temperature $T$ decreases from an initial value close to the freeze-out temperature. Different temperatures imply different hierarchies of energy scales. By exploiting the methods of non-relativistic effective field theories at finite $T$, we systematically determine the thermal and in-vacuum interaction rates. In particular, we address the impact of the Debye mass on the observables and ultimately on the dark matter relic abundance. We numerically compare the corrections to the present energy density originating from the resummation of Debye mass effects with the corrections coming from a next-to-leading order treatment of the bath-particle interactions. We observe that the fixed-order calculation of the inelastic heavy-light scattering at high temperatures provides a larger dark matter depletion, and hence an undersized yield for given benchmark points in the parameter space, with respect to the calculation where Debye mass effects are resummed.

    hep-phastro-ph.COhep-thJHEP(2025)·7 citations
24. 24*

    Comment on "Quantum coherence between mass eigenstates of a neutrino cannot be destroyed by its mass-momentum entanglement"

    Shi-Biao Zheng🇨🇳

    In arXiv:2410.21850, I proved that the quantum coherence between the mass eigenstates of a neutrino will be destroyed if they are correlated with different momenta. In arXiv:2411.01190, James M. Cline claimed that I had made the unrealistic assumption that the neutrino is always in a nearly exact energy eigenstate, and ignored the spatial dependence of the wavefunction in my paper. However, I did not assume that the neutrino is in a nearly exact eigenstate of energy anywhere in my paper, and the wavefunction I wrote in the position representation has a spatial dependence. The argumentation of arXiv:2411.01190 is based on misinterpreting my claim, and on ignoring the critical fact that the neutrino's wavepacket has a finite size and the detector has a large volume.

    hep-ph0 citations
25. 25*

    Does the Z boson have a lighter cousin?

    Jeff Greensite🇺🇸

    In the quenched electroweak theory on the lattice I construct a set of physical states which overlap the physical photon and Z boson states. This is done by employing eigenstates of the covariant lattice Laplacian, in addition to the Higgs and lattice link variables, to construct gauge invariant vector boson creation operators. Diagonalizing the transfer matrix in the subspace of Hilbert space spanned by this set yields a massless photon and massive Z particle, as expected. But in the numerical data there is evidence for more vector bosons in the spectrum, albeit with considerable uncertainty in their masses, with the lowest finite mass particle in the range of 3-4 GeV.

    ↳ hep-lathep-phPRD(2025)·1 citation
26. 26*

    Multi-wavelength observations of a jet launch in real time from the post-changing-look Active Galaxy 1ES 1927+654

    Sibasish Laha (NASA-GSFC) · Eileen T. Meyer · Dev R. Sadaula · Ritesh Ghosh · Dhrubojyoti Sengupta · Megan Masterson · Onic I. Shuvo · Matteo Guainazzi · Claudio Ricci🇨🇱 · Mitchell C. Begelman · Alexander Philippov🇺🇸 · Rostom Mbarek and 25 other authors

    We present results from a high cadence multi-wavelength observational campaign of the enigmatic changing look AGN 1ES 1927+654 from May 2022- April 2024, coincident with an unprecedented radio flare (an increase in flux by a factor of $\sim 60$ over a few months) and the emergence of a spatially resolved jet at $0.1-0.3$ pc scales (Meyer et al. 2024). Companion work has also detected a recurrent quasi-periodic oscillation (QPO) in the $2-10$ keV band with an increasing frequency ($1-2$ mHz) over the same period (Masterson et al., 2025). During this time, the soft X-rays ($0.3-2$ keV) monotonically increased by a factor of $\sim 8$, while the UV emission remained near-steady with $<30\%$ variation and the $2-10$ keV flux showed variation by a factor $\lesssim 2$. The weak variation of the $2-10$ keV X-ray emission and the stability of the UV emission suggest that the magnetic energy density and accretion rate are relatively unchanged, and that the jet could be launched due to a reconfiguration of the magnetic field (toroidal to poloidal) close to the black hole. Advecting poloidal flux onto the event horizon would trigger the Blandford-Znajek (BZ) mechanism, leading to the onset of the jet. The concurrent softening of the coronal slope (from $\Gamma =2.70\pm 0.04$ to $\Gamma =3.27\pm 0.04$), the appearance of a QPO, and low coronal temperature ($k{T}_e=8_{-3}^{+8}$ keV) during the radio outburst suggest that the poloidal field reconfiguration can significantly impact coronal properties and thus influence jet dynamics. These extraordinary findings in real time are crucial for coronal and jet plasma studies, particularly as our results are independent of coronal geometry.

    ↳ astro-ph.HEastro-ph.GAhep-phApJ(2025)·9 citations
27. 27*

    Atmospheric Antideuteron Flux Within a Dynamical Coalescence Approach

    Jie Pu🇨🇳 · Xin Li🇨🇳 · Kai-Jia Sun🇨🇳 · Chun-Wang Ma🇨🇳 · Lie-Wen Chen🇨🇳

    Cosmic antideuterons are considered as one of the most promising tools for the indirect detection of dark matter due to their ultra-low astrophysical backgrounds. Currently only upper limits on the antideuteron flux exist, but advancements in experimental detection technology may soon lead to positive signals. A major source of background is the production of secondary antideuterons through collisions of cosmic rays with the surrounding medium. In this study, antideuteron production is modeled using a multiphase transport model (AMPT) coupled with a dynamical coalescence model. By applying a widely used leaky box model and incorporating specific processes, we present a new theoretical baseline for atmospheric secondary antideuteron flux, including a tertiary contribution, from primary cosmic rays interacting with Earth's atmosphere. Our results indicate that the atmospheric antideuteron flux are within the range of various existing calculations and remain well below the upper limits set by the Balloon-borne Experiment with a Superconducting Spectrometer (BESS). The atmospheric antideuteron is found to dominate the antideuteron background at kinetic energies below $0.26$ GeV/n.

    ↳ nucl-thhep-phJHEP(2025)·0 citations
28. 28*

    Effect of Impurity on Inhomogeneous Vacuum and Interacting Vortices

    SeungJun Jeon🇰🇷 · Yoonbai Kim🇰🇷 · Hanwool Song🇰🇷

    We study the inhomogeneous abelian Higgs model with a magnetic impurity. The vacuum configuration of the symmetry-broken phase is not simply the constant Higgs vacuum but is a nontrivial function of spatial coordinates, satisfying the Euler-Lagrange equations. The vacuum of zero winding number has zero magnetic flux but its non-zero magnetic field depends on spatial coordinates. The corresponding vacuum energy is negative for weak coupling $(\lambda <1)$, zero for critical BPS coupling $(\lambda =1)$, and positive for strong coupling $(\lambda >1)$ by an over-, exact-, and under-cancellation of the huge positive impurity energy. This distinct vacuum energies are consistent with classification of the type I and II superconductivity in dirty conventional superconductors. Non-BPS vortex configurations are also obtained in the presence of inhomogeneity. Their rest energies favor energetically vortex-impurity composite in conventional type II superconductivity, consistent with imperfect diamagnetism. The delta function limit of Gaussian type impurity suggests the formation of vortex-lattice composite which elucidates flux-pinning in the context of inhomogeneous field theory.

    ↳ hep-thcond-mat.supr-conhep-ph4 citations
29. 29*

    Extracting more information from entropy

    L. Araque🇻🇪 · W. Barreto🇧🇷

    We extract the complex frequency of the lowest quasi-normal mode from the holographically computed entropy density near thermodynamic equilibrium. The system consists of a purely thermal Supersymmetric Yang-Mills N=4 plasma in homogeneous isotropization dynamics. The initial state is far-from-equilibrium, proceeding to thermalization over time. The system evolves to equilibrium entropy forming a stairway pattern. The analysis reveals that the rate of increase of the stairway is twice the decay rate of the lowest quasi-normal mode. This leads us to propose a model explaining how this information is encoded in entropy. The model is extended to consider finite temperature, R-charge density and scalar condensate of the medium, disclosing an additional feature. The system's main dissipation channel may shift to one driven by the scalar condensate, depending on the chemical potential.

    ↳ hep-thgr-qchep-phPRD(2025)·1 citation
30. 30*

    Species scale associated with Weinberg operator and bound on Majorana neutrino mass

    Min-Seok Seo🇰🇷

    When states in a tower like the Kaluza-Klein or the string tower couple to another state through the irrelevant operators of the same type, their contributions to the loop corrections of the relevant or the marginal operators are not negligible, threatening the perturbativity. This can be avoided provided the cutoff scale is lower than the species scale associated with the irrelevant operator. We apply this to towers of states associated with the neutrino which couple to the Higgs through the Weinberg operator, the dimension-5 irrelevant operator generating the Majorana neutrino mass. Requiring the `Majorana species scale', the species scale associated with the Weinberg operator, to be below the gravitational species scale, one finds the lower bound on the Majorana neutrino mass determined by the species number. The Festina-Lente bound also gives the lower bound on the Majorana neutrino mass, but it is not so stringent. Meanwhile, even if the neutrino mass is of the Dirac type at the renormalizable level, the Majorana mass term still can be written in the effective field theory action so far as the Weinberg operator is not forbidden. Even if the Majorana neutrino mass is larger than the Dirac one, so far as there are sufficient degrees of freedom with mass smaller than the scale of the cosmological constant, the observation of the Majorana nature of the neutrino may not contradict to quantum gravity constraints which rules out the neutrino mass purely given by the Majorana type.

    ↳ hep-thhep-phJHEP(2025)·1 citation
31. 31*

    Axial-Vector and Tensor Spin Polarization and Chiral Restoration in Quark Matter

    Tomoyuki Maruyama🇯🇵 · Toshitaka Tatsumi🇯🇵

    We study spontaneous spin-polarizations of quark matter with flavour $SU(2)$ symmetry at zero temperature in the NJL model. In a relativistic framework, there are two types of the spin-spin interactions: axial-vector (AV) and tensor (T), which accordingly give rise to different types of spin-polarized materials. When the spin-spin interaction is sufficiently strong, the spin-polarized phase emerges within a specific density region. As the spin-spin interaction becomes stronger, this phase extends over higher density region beyond the critical density of chiral restoration in normal quark matter. We show that the spin-polarized phase leads to another kind of the spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking phase.

    ↳ nucl-thhep-phSymmetry(2024)·0 citations
32. 32*

    Contribution of Unresolved Sources to Diffuse Gamma-Ray Emission from the Galactic Plane

    Jiayin He🇨🇳 · Houdun Zeng🇨🇳 · Yi Zhang🇨🇳 · Qiang Yuan🇨🇳 · Rui Zhang🇨🇳 · Jun Li🇨🇳

    The diffuse gamma-ray emission from the Milky Way serves as a crucial probe for understanding the propagation and interactions of cosmic rays within our galaxy. The Galactic diffuse gamma-ray emission between 10 TeV and 1 PeV has been recently measured by the square kilometer array (KM2A) of the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO). The flux is higher than predicted for cosmic rays interacting with the interstellar medium. In this work, we utilize a non-parametric method to derive the source count distribution using the published first LHAASO source catalog. Based on this distribution, we calculate the contribution of unresolved sources to the diffuse emission measured by KM2A. When comparing our results to the measured diffuse gamma-ray emission, we demonstrate that for the outer Galactic region, the contributions from unresolved sources and those predicted by models are roughly consistent with experimental observations within the uncertainty. However, for the inner Galactic region, additional components are required to account for the observed data.

    ↳ astro-ph.HEhep-phApJ(2025)·10 citations
33. 33*

    Extracting the Speed of Sound in Heavy-Ion Collisions: A Study of Quantum-Initiated Fluctuations and Thermalization

    Yu-Shan Mu🇨🇳 · Jing-An Sun🇨🇳 · Li Yan🇨🇳 · Xu-Guang Huang🇨🇳

    The thermalization of quark-gluon plasma created in heavy-ion collisions is crucial for understanding its behavior as a relativistic fluid and the thermodynamic properties of the Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD). This study investigates the role of fluctuations in the relationship between transverse momentum and particle multiplicity, with a particular focus on their impact on extracting the QCD speed of sound. In a thermalized quark-gluon plasma, these fluctuations mostly originate from quantum fluctuations in the colliding nuclei, and exhibit a Gaussian distribution as a consequence of their independence from thermodynamic response. In contrast, non-thermalized systems display non-Gaussian fluctuations, reflecting the breakdown of thermalization. By leveraging the Gaussianity condition of quantum-initiated fluctuations, the physical value of the speed of sound can be extracted statistically, even in the presence of significant event-by-event fluctuations. This framework provides a robust diagnostic tool for probing thermalization and extracting thermodynamic properties in both large and small collision systems.

    ↳ nucl-thhep-phnucl-exPRL(2025)·13 citations
34. 34*

    Constraining the chiral magnetic effect using spectator and participant planes across Au+Au and isobar collisions at $\sqrt{s_{{}_{\mathrm{NN}}}}=200$ GeV

    Bang-Xiang Chen🇨🇳 · Xin-Li Zhao🇨🇳 · Guo-Liang Ma🇨🇳

    We investigate the chiral magnetic effect (CME) in relativistic heavy-ion collisions through an improved two-plane method analysis of the $\Delta \gamma$ observable, probing $\mathcal{C}\mathcal{P}$-symmetry breaking in strong interactions and topological properties of the QCD vacuum. Using a multiphase transport model with tunable CME strengths, we systematically compare Au+Au and isobar collisions at $\sqrt{s_{{}_{\mathrm{NN}}}}=200$ GeV. We observe a reduced difference in the CME signal-to-background ratio between the spectator and participant planes for Au+Au collisions compared to isobar collisions. A comprehensive chi-square analysis across all three collision systems reveals stronger CME signatures in Au+Au collisions relative to isobar collisions, particularly when measured with respect to the spectator plane. Our findings demonstrate an enhanced experimental reliability of the two-plane method for the CME detection in Au+Au collisions.

    ↳ nucl-thhep-phnucl-exNucl.Sci.Tech.(2025)·1 citation
35. 35*

    Revisiting the Chern-Simons interaction during inflation with a non-canonical pseudo-scalar

    Jun'ya Kume🇮🇹 · Marco Peloso🇮🇹 · Nicola Bartolo🇮🇹

    A Chern-Simons interaction between a pseudo-scalar field and a U(1) gauge field results in the generation of a chiral gravitational wave background. The detection of this signal is contrasted by the fact that this coupling also generates primordial scalar perturbations, on which strong limits exist, particularly at CMB scales. In this study, we propose a new extension of this mechanism characterized by a non-canonical kinetic term for the pseudo-scalar. We find that a decrease of the sound speed of the pseudo-scalar field highly suppresses the sourced scalar with respect to the sourced tensor modes, thus effectively allowing for the production of a greater tensor signal. Contrary to the case of a canonical axion inflaton, it is in this case possible for the sourced tensor modes to dominate over the vacuum ones without violating the non-Gaussianity constraints from the scalar sector, which results in a nearly totally polarized tensor signal at CMB scales. We also study the extension of this mechanisms to the multiple field case, in which the axion is not the inflaton.

    ↳ astro-ph.COgr-qchep-phJCAP(2025)·5 citations
36. 36*

    Radiation-Reaction and Angular Momentum Loss at $\mathcal{O}(G^4)$

    Carlo Heissenberg🇫🇷

    We point out that the odd-in-velocity contribution to the $\mathcal{O}(G^4)$ radiated angular momentum for two-body scattering is determined by the radiation-reaction (RR) term in the one-loop waveform. This RR term is actually proportional to the tree-level waveform, and this reduces the calculation of the odd-in-velocity contribution to the $\mathcal{O}(G^4)$ angular momentum loss, $J_{\text{2rad}}$, to two loops, instead of three loops as one would expect by power counting. We exploit this simplification, which follows from unitarity, to obtain a closed-form expression for $J_{\text{2rad}}$ for generic velocities, which resums all fractional post-Newtonian (PN) corrections to the $\mathcal{O}(G^4)$ angular momentum loss starting at 1.5PN.

    ↳ hep-thgr-qchep-phPRD(2025)·19 citations
37. 37*

    Combined EFT interpretation of top quark, Higgs boson, electroweak and QCD measurements at CMS

    Niels Van den Bossche (on behalf of the CMS Collaboration)🇧🇪

    A recent EFT result from CMS is presented, combining differential cross section and direct EFT measurements performed by the CMS Collaboration across four branches of the Standard Model: top, Higgs, electroweak and QCD physics. To maximize the sensitivity, measurements of electroweak precision observables from LEP and SLC are included as well. 64 Wilson Coefficients (WC) are targeted in this combined measurement, both individually and with a simultaneous fit to 42 linear combinations of the Wilson Coefficients.

    ↳ hep-exhep-phSciPost Phys.Proc.(2026)·2 citations
38. 38*

    Isotropic background and anisotropies of gravitational waves induced by cosmological soliton isocurvature perturbations

    Di Luo🇨🇳 · Yan-Heng Yu🇨🇳 · Jun-Peng Li🇨🇳 · Sai Wang🇨🇳

    Cosmological solitons are widely predicted by scenarios of the early Universe. In this work, we investigate the isotropic background and anisotropies of gravitational waves (GWs) induced by soliton isocurvature perturbations, especially considering the effects of non-Gaussianity in these perturbations. Regardless of non-Gaussianity, the energy-density fraction spectrum of isocurvature-induced GWs approximately has a universal shape within the perturbative regime, thus serving as a distinctive signal of solitons. We derive the angular power spectrum of isocurvature-induced GWs to characterize their anisotropies. Non-Gaussianity plays a key role in generating anisotropies through the couplings between large- and small-scale isocurvature perturbations, making the angular power spectrum to be a powerful probe of non-Gaussianity. Moreover, the isocurvature-induced GWs have nearly no cross-correlations with the cosmic microwave background, providing a new observable to distinguish them from other GW sources, e.g., GWs induced by cosmological curvature perturbations enhanced at small scales. Therefore, detection of both the isotropic background and anisotropies of isocurvature-induced GWs could reveal important implications for the solitons as well as the early Universe.

    ↳ astro-ph.COgr-qchep-phJCAP(2025)·10 citations
39. 39*

    Cosmological perturbation theory with trinity of scalar fields

    Amjad Ashoorioon🇮🇷 · Shinji Mukohyama🇯🇵 · Kazem Rezazadeh🇮🇷 · Navid Talebizadeh🇮🇷

    We present an explicit formulation of cosmological perturbation theory for three-field models with a flat field space. By performing rotations to align one field with the direction of curvature perturbations and applying the same rotations to the other two field directions, we introduce the semikinematic basis, which is applicable to models with more than two fields. We derive the governing equations in this basis. We also stress a characteristic property of more-than-two-field models: the freedom in choosing the isocurvature perturbations. This framework enables the computation of the curvature and two isocurvature power spectra for any given potential. We numerically solve the background and perturbation equations for three distinct scenarios. First, to validate the consistency of our three-field formalism, we examine an effective two-field model inspired by the two-block case of the multigiant vacua matrix inflation scenario. Next, we analyze a purely three-field system without direct interfield interactions. Finally, we study a three-field case that incorporates direct interactions. For all scenarios, we numerically compute the curvature perturbation power spectra and highlight the effects of rapid turns on the spectra. Finally, we investigate the relationship between these quantities and the observables in the early radiation-dominated era. Through both general arguments and a simple example, we show that three-field inflation can yield a much richer phenomenology. This is particularly true when we assume the initial perturbations in the radiation era include two isocurvature modes.

    ↳ hep-thastro-ph.COgr-qchep-phPRD(2025)·2 citations
40. 40*

    Cosmic Whispers of the Early Universe: Gravitational Waves and Dark Matter from Primordial Black Holes

    Antonio Junior Iovino🇮🇹

    Various mechanisms have been suggested for the formation of Primordial Black Holes (PBHs), and this thesis focuses on the standard mechanism based on the critical collapse of cosmological fluctuations. The underlying idea is that during inflation, a period of rapid expansion in the early Universe, large cosmological fluctuations could have been generated. After inflation, when the cosmic horizon reached a size comparable to these fluctuations, if the latter were high enough, they could collapse and form a PBH. Beyond the fascinating possibility that these compact objects might make up all or part of the Dark Matter (DM) we observe today, their formation and existence is also associated with the generation of gravitational waves (GWs). These waves could contribute to the merger events observed by the LIGO/Virgo/KAGRA Collaboration (LVK) or account for signals detected by pulsar timing array experiments (PTA). In the first part of this thesis, we investigate the PBH scenario, examining the computation of the abundance beyond the Gaussian paradigm. In the second part, we discuss how PBH formation can produce a stochastic GW background and how observations, related to recent experiments such as LVK and PTA collaborations, can help in distinguishing between different PBH production models. Finally, in the last part, we investigate some aspects of the interplay between black holes and fundamental physics in the early Universe, describing some characteristics and challenges of various PBH production models.

    ↳ astro-ph.COgr-qchep-ph4 citations
41. 41*

    Resurgence of the Tilted Cusp Anomalous Dimension

    Gerald V. Dunne🇺🇸

    We use resurgent extrapolation and continuation methods to extract detailed analytic information about the tilted cusp anomalous dimension solely from its weak coupling and strong coupling expansions. This enables accurate and smooth interpolation between the weak and strong coupling limits, and identifies the relevant singularities governing the finite radius of convergence of the weak coupling expansion and the asymptotic nature of the strong coupling expansion. The input data is purely perturbative, generated from the BES equations, and these resurgent methods extract accurate non-perturbative information which matches the underlying physical structure.

    ↳ hep-thhep-phmath-phmath.MPJ.Phys.A(2025)·8 citations
42. 42*

    Computing the UV-finite electromagnetic corrections to the hadronic vacuum polarization in the muon $(g-2)$ from lattice QCD

    Julian Parrino🇩🇪 · Volodymyr Biloshytskyi🇩🇪 · En-Hung Chao🇺🇸 · Harvey B. Meyer🇩🇪 · Vladimir Pascalutsa🇩🇪

    In order to reach a precision of $0.2\%$ on the hadronic vacuum polarization (HVP) contribution to the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon, $(g-2{)}_{\mu }$, such that the full Standard-Model prediction matches in precision the direct experimental measurement, it is crucial to include the leading, O($\alpha$) electromagnetic corrections to HVP. In this work, we determine an important contribution to the latter from a diagram comprised of two two-point quark-loops, connected by the internal photon and gluons. This ultraviolet-finite correction is calculated from lattice QCD using a coordinate-space formalism, where photons are treated in the continuum and infinite volume. Our result amounts to a $(-0.89\pm 0.18)\%$ correction to the leading-order HVP contribution to $(g-2{)}_{\mu }$. To overcome the worsening statistical noise at large distances, our analysis is combined with phenomenological models featuring light pseudoscalar mesons with masses below 1 GeV. In particular, our data show a very steep mass dependence as dictated by the charged pion loop. Similarly, the other diagrams appearing in the O$(\alpha )$-corrections to the HVP with the internal photon connecting two separate quark loops are also ultraviolet-finite and can be computed with the same formalism.

    ↳ hep-lathep-phJHEP(2025)·18 citations

* Reconstructed cohort: no mailing for this day survives in the archive. Papers are grouped by their submission times and arXiv's announcement cut-off, assuming announcement without delay; positions follow identifier order. Validated at ~91% exact-day agreement against the archived era.