Mon·May 27, 2024Monday·May 27, 2024

1. 01*

   Transverse Momentum Dependent PDFs in Chiral Effective Theory

   Marston Copeland🇺🇸 · Thomas Mehen🇺🇸

   We develop a theoretical framework to match transverse momentum dependent parton distribution functions (TMD PDFs) onto chiral effective theory operators. In this framework the TMD PDF is expressed as a convolution of TMD hadronic distribution functions, which describe fluctuations of initial states into intermediate hadrons in chiral perturbation theory, and short distance matching coefficients, which are the TMD PDFs of intermediate hadrons in the chiral limit. The various limits of the matching condition are explored and an operator product expansion is applied to the high energy TMD matching coefficients, allowing them to be written in terms of the collinear valence PDFs of intermediate hadrons. As an example, we calculate the isovector TMD hadronic distribution functions for the proton at leading order in the chiral expansion.

   hep-phnucl-thPRD(2024)·6 citations
2. 02*

   Understanding the puzzle of angular momentum conservation in beta decay and related processes

   Gordon Baym🇺🇸 · Jen-Chieh Peng🇺🇸 · C. J. Pethick🇺🇸

   We ask the question of how angular momentum is conserved in electroweak interaction processes. To introduce the problem with a minimum of mathematics, we first raise the same issue in elastic scattering of a circularly polarized photon by an atom, where the scattered photon has a different spin direction than the original photon, and note its presence in scattering of a fully relativistic spin-1/2 particle by a central potential. We then consider inverse beta decay in which an electron is emitted following the capture of a neutrino on a nucleus. While both the incident neutrino and final electron spins are antiparallel to their momenta, the final spin is in a different direction than that of the neutrino -- an apparent change of angular momentum. However, prior to measurement of the final particle, in all these cases angular momentum is indeed conserved, The apparent non-conservation of angular momentum arises in the quantum measurement process in which the measuring apparatus does not have an initially well-defined angular momentum, but is localized in the outside world. We generalize the discussion to massive neutrinos and electrons, and examine nuclear beta decay and electron-positron annihilation processes through the same lens, enabling physically transparent derivations of angular and helicity distributions in these reactions.

   hep-phhep-thnucl-thquant-phProc.Nat.Acad.Sci.(2024)·1 citation
3. 03*

   Study of the $B^{+}\to {\pi }^{+}\left({\pi }^{+}{\pi }^{-}\right)$ decay in PQCD Approach

   Qin Chang🇨🇳 · Lei Yang🇨🇳 · Zhi-Tian Zou🇨🇳 · Ying Li🇨🇳

   Based on the fitting results of the LHCb collaboration on the contributions of various intermediate resonances to the $B^{+}\to {\pi }^{+}{\pi }^{+}{\pi }^{-}$ decay, we make systematically calculate the branching fractions and localized $CP$ asymmetries of the quasi-two-body $B^{+}\to {\pi }^{+}\left(\rho (770),\omega (782),\rho (1450),f_2\left(1270\right)\to \right){\pi }^{+}{\pi }^{-}$ decays within the perturbative QCD (PQCD) approach. Our theoretical predictions for the branching fractions agree well with the data within the errors. In order to further test the framework of the three-body $B$ decays in PQCD and the wave functions of $\pi \pi$ pair, we also calculate the branching fractions of the corresponding two-body $B^{+}\to {\pi }^{+}\rho (770)$, $B^{+}\to {\pi }^{+}\omega (782)$ and $B^{+}\to {\pi }^{+}{f}_2\left(1270\right)$ decays under the narrow-width-approximation, which are in consistence with the experimental data. The direct $CP$ asymmetries of $B^{+}\to {\pi }^{+}(\rho (770/1450)\to ){\pi }^{+}{\pi }^{-}$ decays are found to be very small because these decay modes are tree-dominated. However, due to the large penguin contributions from the chiral enhanced annihilation diagrams, $B^{+}\to {\pi }^{+}(f_2\left(1270\right)\to ){\pi }^{+}{\pi }^{-}$ decay has a large direct $CP$ asymmetry, which is also discovered by LHCb collaboration. A relatively large $CP$ asymmetry is also expected in the $B^{+}\to {\pi }^{+}(\omega \to ){\pi }^{+}{\pi }^{-}$ decay occurring via $\rho -\omega$ mixing, which would be measured LHCb and Belle-II experiments in future.

   hep-phEPJC(2024)·8 citations
4. 04*

   Heavy Neutrino as Dark Matter in a Neutrinophilic U(1) Model

   Waleed Abdallah🇪🇬 · Anjan Kumar Barik🇮🇳 · Santosh Kumar Rai🇮🇳 · Tousik Samui🇮🇳

   We study the prospect of heavy singlet neutrinos as a dark matter (DM) candidate within a neutrinophilic U(1) model, where the Standard Model (SM) is extended with a U(1) gauge symmetry, and neutrino mass and oscillation parameters are explained through an inverse see-saw mechanism. The lightest of the heavy neutrinos plays the role of the DM while the newly introduced scalars and the extra gauge boson Z' act as mediators between the dark sector and the SM sector. We show the range of model parameters where this DM candidate can be accommodated in the Weakly Interacting Massive Particle (WIMP) or Feebly Interacting Massive Particle (FIMP) scenario. The observed DM relic density is achieved via the new gauge boson and singlet scalar portals in the WIMP scenario whereas within the FIMP scenario, these two particles assume a distinct yet pivotal role in generating the observed relic density of dark matter.

   hep-phEPJC(2024)·6 citations
5. 05*

   Exploring Baryon Resonances with Transition Generalized Parton Distributions: Status and Perspectives

   Stefan Diehl🇩🇪 · Kyungseon Joo🇺🇸 · Kirill Semenov-Tian-Shansky🇰🇷 · Christian Weiss🇺🇸 · Vladimir Braun🇩🇪 · Wen-Chen Chang🇹🇼 · Pierre Chatagnon🇺🇸 · Martha Constantinou🇺🇸 · Yuxun Guo🇺🇸 · Parada T. P. Hutauruk🇰🇷 · Hyon-Suk Jo🇰🇷 · Andrey Kim🇺🇸 and 12 other authors

   QCD gives rise to a rich spectrum of excited baryon states. Understanding their internal structure is important for many areas of nuclear physics, such as nuclear forces, dense matter, and neutrino-nucleus interactions. Generalized parton distributions (GPDs) are an established tool for characterizing the QCD structure of the ground-state nucleon. They are used to create 3D tomographic images of the quark/gluon structure and quantify the mechanical properties such as the distribution of mass, angular momentum and forces in the system. Transition GPDs extend these concepts to $N\to N^{\ast }$ transitions and can be used to characterize the 3D structure and mechanical properties of baryon resonances. They can be probed in high-momentum-transfer exclusive electroproduction processes with resonance transitions $e+N\to e^{\prime }+M+N^{\ast }$, such as deeply-virtual Compton scattering ($M=\gamma$) or meson production ($M=\pi ,K$, $etc.$), and in related photon/hadron-induced processes. This White Paper describes a research program aiming to explore baryon resonance structure with transition GPDs. This includes the properties and interpretation of the transition GPDs, theoretical methods for structures and processes, first experimental results from JLab 12 GeV, future measurements with existing and planned facilities (JLab detector and energy upgrades, COMPASS/AMBER, EIC, EicC, J-PARC, LHC ultraperihperal collisions), and the theoretical and experimental developments needed to realize this program.

   hep-phhep-exnucl-thEPJA(2025)·32 citations
6. 06*

   Study some two loop contribution to muon anomalous MDM in the N-B-LSSM

   Xing-Yu Han🇨🇳 · Shu-Min Zhao🇨🇳 · Long Ruan🇨🇳 · Xi Wang🇨🇳 · Xing-Xing Dong🇨🇳

   It is well known that the muon magnetic dipole moment (MDM) has close relation with the new physics (NP) in the development of the Standard Model (SM). Combined with the Fermilab National Accelerator Laboratory (FNAL) and the Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) E821 result, the departure from the SM prediction is about 5.0 $\sigma$. We study the electroweak corrections from several type two-loop SUSY diagrams and the virtual SUSY particles include chargino, neutralino, scalar lepton and scalar neutrino. Based on the latest experimental constraints, we study the {muon anomalous MDM} under the next to the minimal supersymmetric extension of the SM with local B-L gauge symmetry (N-B-LSSM). The abundant numerical results verify that $\tan \beta ,T_e,M_L^2,M_e^2,M_{B{B}^{\prime }}$ play an important role in {muon anomalous MDM}. $M_e^2,\tan \beta$ and $T_e$ are sensitive parameters to {muon anomalous MDM}. From the data obtained in all the figures of the numerical results, most of the values of $a_{\mu }^{NBL}$ are in 2$\sigma$ interval, which can compensate the departure between the experiment data and the SM prediction.

   hep-phEPJC(2025)·6 citations
7. 07*

   Jet Quenching of the Heavy Quarks in the Quark-Gluon Plasma and the Nonadditive Statistics

   Trambak Bhattacharyya🇷🇺 · Eugenio Megias🇪🇸 · Airton Deppman🇧🇷

   Using the Plastino-Plastino (PP) equation, we calculate transport coefficients of the heavy-quarks traversing inside the quark-gluon plasma, and generalize their relationship with differential energy loss. The PP equation indicates anomalous diffusion of the probe particles and yields a quasi-exponential stationary distribution obtained also from the nonadditive statistics proposed by C. Tsallis. We estimate energy loss in a nonadditive quark-gluon medium, and calculate the jet-quenching parameter ($\hat{q}$) for the PP dynamics. With the help of the estimate of $\hat{q}$, we calculate the nuclear suppression factor ($R_{\text{AA}}$) of the heavy-quarks passing through a nonadditive quark-gluon plasma using the model proposed by Dokshitzer and Kharzeev. In many a case, the parameters in the analysis are fixed from the experimental results to minimize arbitrariness. There is a good agreement between the theoretical calculation and experimental $R_{\text{AA}}$ data, indicating that fast heavy-quarks may be subjected to anomalous diffusion inside the QGP.

   hep-phnucl-thPLB(2024)·9 citations
8. 08*

   Magnetic effects in the Hadron Resonance Gas

   Michał Marczenko🇵🇱 · Michał Szymański🇵🇱 · Pok Man Lo🇵🇱 · Bithika Karmakar🇵🇱 · Pasi Huovinen🇵🇱 · Chihiro Sasaki🇵🇱 · Krzysztof Redlich🇵🇱

   We discuss the modeling of the hadronic phase of QCD at finite magnetic field in the framework of hadron resonance gas (HRG). We focus on the statistical description of particle yields that include contribution from resonance decays. We demonstrate that the swift increase in the number of protons with magnetic field predicted in the HRG is due to the ill-defined description of higher-spin states. We discuss fluctuations of conserved charges and show that at present the qualitative comparison of the model predictions with the Lattice QCD data should be treated with care. We also discuss the principle of detailed balance which allows to study the magnetic field dependence of neutral resonances.

   hep-phnucl-thPRC(2024)·17 citations
9. 09*

   The Final Frontier for Proton Decay

   Sebastian Baum🇩🇪 · Cassandra Little🇺🇸 · Paola Sala🇮🇹 · Joshua Spitz🇺🇸 · Patrick Stengel🇮🇹

   We present a novel experimental concept to search for proton decay. Using paleo-detectors, ancient minerals acquired from deep underground which can hold traces of charged particles, it may be possible to conduct a search for $p\to \bar{\nu }{K}^{+}$ via the track produced at the endpoint of the kaon. Such a search is not possible on Earth due to large atmospheric-neutrino-induced backgrounds. However, the Moon offers a reprieve from this background, since the conventional component of the cosmic-ray-induced neutrino flux at the Moon is significantly suppressed due to the Moon's lack of atmosphere. For a 100 g, $10^9$ year old (100 kton$\cdot$year exposure) sample of olivine extracted from the Moon, we expect about 0.5 kaon endpoints due to neutrino backgrounds, including secondary interactions. If such a lunar paleo-detector sample can be acquired and efficiently analyzed, proton decay sensitivity exceeding ${\tau }_p\sim 10^{34}$ years may be achieved, competitive with Super-Kamiokande's current published limit (${\tau }_p>5.9\times 10^{33}$ years at 90% CL) and the projected reach of DUNE and Hyper-Kamiokande in the $p\to \bar{\nu }{K}^{+}$ channel. This concept is clearly futuristic, not least since it relies on extracting mineral samples from a few kilometers below the surface of the Moon and then efficiently scanning them for kaon endpoint induced crystal defects with sub-micron-scale resolution. However, the search for proton decay is in urgent need of a paradigm shift, and paleo-detectors could provide a promising alternative to conventional experiments.

   hep-phastro-ph.IMhep-exphysics.ins-det8 citations
10. 10*

    Constraining the Higgs Potential with Neural Simulation-based Inference for Di-Higgs Production

    Radha Mastandrea🇺🇸 · Benjamin Nachman🇺🇸 · Tilman Plehn🇩🇪

    Determining the form of the Higgs potential is one of the most exciting challenges of modern particle physics. Higgs pair production directly probes the Higgs self-coupling and should be observed in the near future at the High-Luminosity LHC. We explore how to improve the sensitivity to physics beyond the Standard Model through per-event kinematics for di-Higgs events. In particular, we employ machine learning through simulation-based inference to estimate per-event likelihood ratios and gauge potential sensitivity gains from including this kinematic information. In terms of the Standard Model Effective Field Theory, we find that adding a limited number of observables can help to remove degeneracies in Wilson coefficient likelihoods and significantly improve the experimental sensitivity.

    hep-phstat.MLPRD(2024)·19 citations
11. 11*

    First detection of X-ray pulsations and spectrum of the high Galactic latitude pulsar PSR J0837-2454 and direct Urca cooling implications

    Wynn C. G. Ho (Haverford)🇺🇸 · Nihan Pol (Oregon State)🇺🇸 · Adam T. Deller (Swinburne) · Werner Becker (MPE) · Sarah Burke-Spolaor (West Virginia)🇺🇸

    PSR J0837-2454 is a young 629 ms radio pulsar whose uncertain distance has important implications. A large distance would place the pulsar far out of the Galactic plane and suggest it is the result of a runaway star, while a short distance would mean the pulsar is extraordinarily cold. Here we present further radio observations and the first deep X-ray observation of PSR J0837-2454. Data from the Parkes Murriyang telescope show flux variations over short and long timescales and also yield an updated timing model, while the position and proper motion (and, less strongly, parallax) of the pulsar are constrained by a number of low-significance detections with the Very Long Baseline Array. XMM-Newton data enable detection of X-ray pulsations for the first time from this pulsar and yield a spectrum that is thermal and blackbody-like, with a cool blackbody temperature ~70 eV or atmosphere temperature ~50 eV, as well as a small hotspot. The spectrum also indicates the pulsar is at a small distance of <~1 kpc, which is compatible with the marginal VLBA parallax constraint that favours a distance of >~330 pc. The low implied luminosity (~7.6x10^31 erg s^-1 at 0.9 kpc) suggests PSR J0837-2454 has a mass high enough that fast neutrino emission from direct Urca reactions operates in this young star and points to a nuclear equation of state that allows for direct Urca reactions at the highest densities present in neutron star cores.

    ↳ astro-ph.HEastro-ph.SRhep-phnucl-thPubl.Astron.Soc.Austral.(2024)·2 citations
12. 12*

    Scale-dependent chirality as a smoking gun for Abelian gauge fields during inflation

    Ogan Özsoy🇪🇸 · Alexandros Papageorgiou🇪🇸 · Matteo Fasiello🇪🇸

    Axion-inflation models are a compelling candidate as a mechanism behind the accelerated expansion in the early universe in light of the possibility to embed them in higher dimensional UV complete theories and the exciting prospect of testing them with next-generation cosmological probes. Adding an Abelian gauge sector to axion-inflation models makes for a rich, interesting, phenomenology spanning from primordial black holes to gravitational waves (GWs). Several recent studies employ an approximate analytic (Gaussian) template to characterize the effect of gauge field production on cosmological perturbations. In this work we go beyond such approximation and numerically study particle production and the ensuing scalar and tensor spectra. We find a significant deviation from results based on log-normally distributed vector field excitations. As an important phenomenological application of the improved method, we study the expected chirality and spectral index of the sourced GW background at scales relevant for current and next-generation GW detectors. One striking feature is that of a scale-dependent chirality. We derive a consistency relation between these two observables that can serve as an important tool in identifying key signatures of multi-field dynamics in axion inflation.

    ↳ astro-ph.COgr-qchep-phhep-thJCAP(2024)·15 citations
13. 13*

    Generation of vortex electrons by atomic photoionization

    I. I. Pavlov🇷🇺 · A. D. Chaikovskaia🇷🇺 · D. V. Karlovets🇷🇺

    We explore the process of orbital angular momentum (OAM) transfer from a twisted light beam to an electron in atomic ionization within the first Born approximation. The characteristics of the ejected electron are studied regardless of the detection scheme. We find that the outgoing electron possesses a definite projection of OAM when a single atom is located on the propagation axis of the photon, whereas the size of the electron wave packet is determined solely by the energy of the photon rather than by its transverse coherence length. Shifting the position of the atom yields a finite dispersion of the electron OAM. We also study a more experimentally feasible scenario - a localized finite-sized atomic target - and develop representative approaches to describing coherent and incoherent regimes of photoionization.

    ↳ physics.atom-phhep-phphysics.opticsquant-phPRA(2024)·10 citations
14. 14*

    Superradiance in the Bulk Protects Quantum State Evolution of Rapidly Rotating Matter on the Boundary

    Brett McInnes🇸🇬

    It has been argued that the rate at which the interior of an AdS black hole evolves is dual to the rate of evolution of the (quantum state of the) strongly coupled matter on the boundary which, according to holography, is dual to the black hole. However, we have shown elsewhere that it seems to be possible, by adjusting the specific angular momentum of an AdS${}_5$-Kerr black hole, to reduce this rate to (effectively) zero. We argue that this is unphysical, and that it is prevented by the intervention of a superradiant instability, which causes the black hole to shed angular momentum when the angular velocity exceeds a certain critical value. The precise way in which this works has recently been explained by the ``grey galaxy'' model of the end state, in which the angular momentum is transferred to a ``galactic disc.'' Thus, the black hole itself cannot sustain a specific angular momentum beyond a critical value: there is an effective upper bound. The holographic interpretation is that, beyond a certain limiting specific angular momentum, strongly coupled matter (corresponding to the black hole) will spontaneously shed angular momentum to some other, confined, form of matter (corresponding to the disc). This idea is supported by recent numerical work on ultra-vortical plasmas. Such an upper bound on specific angular momentum would prevent arbitrarily small rates of quantum state evolution on the boundary. We give a tentative discussion of the relevant observational data in the case of the vortical Quark-Gluon Plasma, and suggest a way in which such an upper bound might appear in future observations.

    ↳ hep-thgr-qchep-phJHEP(2024)·1 citation
15. 15*

    $K^{-}d\to \pi \Lambda N$ reaction with in-flight kaons for studying the $\Lambda N$ interaction

    Shunsuke Yasunaga🇯🇵 · Daisuke Jido🇯🇵 · Takatsugu Ishikawa🇯🇵

    The $\Lambda N$ invariant mass spectra for the reactions $K^{-}d\to {\pi }^{-}\Lambda p$ and $K^{-}d\to {\pi }^0\Lambda n$ are calculated for experimental study of isospin symmetry breaking in the $\Lambda N$ scattering at low energies, the difference in the scattering lengths and effective ranges of $\Lambda p$ and $\Lambda n$ systems. The calculations are performed for in-flight kaons with a momentum of 1000 MeV/c with employing partial wave analysis up to the p-wave for meson-baryon amplitudes and the spin-flip term for baryon-baryon amplitudes. Kinematic selection is utilized to suppress the background processes by selecting forward-emitting pions and higher momentum nucleons. It is worth noting that isospin symmetry breaking in the $\Lambda N$ system can be extracted from the difference of the $\Lambda N$ invariant mass spectra between the $K^{-}d\to {\pi }^{-}\Lambda p$ and $K^{-}d\to {\pi }^0\Lambda n$ reactions.

    ↳ nucl-thhep-phnucl-exPRC(2025)·2 citations
16. 16*

    $n\pi$ phase ambiguity of cosmic birefringence

    Fumihiro Naokawa🇯🇵 · Toshiya Namikawa🇯🇵 · Kai Murai🇯🇵 · Ippei Obata🇯🇵 · Kohei Kamada🇯🇵

    We point out that the rotation angle $\beta$ of cosmic birefringence, which is a recently reported parity-violating signal in the cosmic microwave background (CMB), has a phase ambiguity of $n\pi (n\in \mathbb{Z})$. This ambiguity has a significant impact on the interpretation of the origin of cosmic birefringence. Assuming an axion-like particle as the origin of cosmic birefringence, this ambiguity can be partly broken by the anisotropic cosmic birefringence and the shape of the CMB angular power spectra. We also discuss constraints on $\beta$ from existing experimental results.

    ↳ astro-ph.COgr-qchep-phPRL(2026)·13 citations
17. 17*

    Constraints for rare electron-capture decays mimicking detection of dark-matter particles in nuclear transitions

    Aagrah Agnihotri🇫🇮 · Jouni Suhonen🇫🇮 · Hong Joo Kim🇰🇷

    We give for the first time, theoretical estimates of unknown rare electron-capture (EC) decay branchings of ${}^{44}$Ti, ${}^{57}$Co, and ${}^{139}$Ce, relevant for searches of (exotic) dark-matter particles. The nuclear-structure calculations have been done exploiting the nuclear shell model (NSM) with well-established Hamiltonians and an advanced theory of $\beta$ decay. In the absence of experimental measurements of these rare branches, these estimates are of utmost importance for terrestrial searches of dark-matter particles, such as axionic dark matter in the form of axion-like particles (ALPs), anapole dark matter, and dark photons in nuclear transitions. Predictions are made for EC-decay rates of 2${}^{nd}$-forbidden unique (FU) and 2${}^{nd}$-forbidden non-unique (FNU) EC transitions that can potentially mimic dark-matter-particle detection in dedicated underground experiments designed to observe the absence of the corresponding nuclear electromagnetic transitions.

    ↳ nucl-thhep-exhep-phnucl-exPRL(2024)·2 citations
18. 18*

    Near-threshold states in coupled $D{D}^{\ast }-D^{\ast }{D}^{\ast }$ scattering from lattice QCD

    Travis Whyte🇬🇧 · David J. Wilson🇬🇧 · Christopher E. Thomas🇬🇧

    The first determination of doubly-charmed isospin-0 coupled-channel $D{D}^{\ast }-D^{\ast }{D}^{\ast }$ scattering amplitudes from lattice QCD is presented. The finite-volume spectrum is computed for three lattice volumes with a light-quark mass corresponding to $m_{\pi }\approx 391$ MeV and is used to extract the scattering amplitudes in $J^P=1^{+}$ via the Lüscher quantization condition. By analytically continuing the scattering amplitudes to complex energies, a $T_{cc}$ pole corresponding to a virtual bound state is found below $D{D}^{\ast }$ threshold. We also find a second pole, $T_{cc}^{\prime }$, corresponding to a resonance pole below the kinematically closed $D^{\ast }{D}^{\ast }$ channel, to which it has a strong coupling. A non-zero coupling is robustly found between the $S$-wave $D{D}^{\ast }$ and $D^{\ast }{D}^{\ast }$ channels producing a clear cusp in the $D{D}^{\ast }$ amplitude at the $D^{\ast }{D}^{\ast }$ threshold energy. This suggests that the experimental $T_{cc}^{\prime }$ should be observable in $D{D}^{\ast }$ and $D^{\ast }{D}^{\ast }$ final states at ongoing experiments.

    ↳ hep-lathep-phPRD(2025)·66 citations
19. 19*

    Gravitational wave signatures of cogenesis from a burdened PBH

    Basabendu Barman🇮🇳 · Md Riajul Haque🇮🇳 · Óscar Zapata🇨🇴

    We explore the possibility of explaining the observed dark matter (DM) relic abundance, along with matter-antimatter asymmetry, entirely from the evaporation of primordial black holes (PBH) beyond the semi-classical approximation. We find that, depending on the timing of modification to the semi-classical approximation and the efficiency of the backreaction, it is possible to produce the correct DM abundance for PBHs with masses $\gtrsim \mathcal{O}(10^3)$ g, whereas producing the right amount of baryon asymmetry requires light PBHs with masses $\lesssim \mathcal{O}(10^3)$ g, satisfying bounds on the PBH mass from the Cosmic Microwave Background and Big Bang Nucleosynthesis. However, in a simplistic scenario, achieving both {\it simultaneously} is not feasible, typically because of the stringent Lyman-$\alpha$ constraint on warm dark matter mass. In addition to DM and baryon asymmetry, we also investigate the impact of memory burden on dark radiation, evaporated from PBH, constrained by the effective number of relativistic degrees of freedom $\Delta N_{\mathrm{eff}}$. Furthermore, we demonstrate how induced gravitational waves from PBH density fluctuations can provide a window to test the memory-burden effects, thereby placing constraints on either the DM mass scale or the scale of leptogenesis.

    ↳ astro-ph.COhep-phJCAP(2024)·46 citations

* Reconstructed cohort: no mailing for this day survives in the archive. Papers are grouped by their submission times and arXiv's announcement cut-off, assuming announcement without delay; positions follow identifier order. Validated at ~91% exact-day agreement against the archived era.