Tue·Jun 2, 2026Tuesday·June 2, 2026

1. 01*

   Matter-Wave Interferometers as Open-System Dark Matter Detectors

   Leonardo Badurina🇺🇸 · Kathryn M. Zurek🇺🇸

   Matter-wave interferometers (MWIs) offer a uniquely quantum route to dark matter (DM) detection: DM can reveal itself through phase and decoherence between spatially separated wavepackets, even when negligible energy deposition or resolvable recoil occurs. We formulate these effects in an open effective field theory for MWIs using the Schwinger-Keldysh formalism, which highlights a structural asymmetry between the two detection channels. For elastic spin-independent DM scattering, decoherence inherits novel Bose enhancement or Pauli blocking factors, while the phase is at most linear in the DM occupation number. By retaining the DM's coherence time, this framework spans Markovian and non-Markovian dynamics across a wide range of DM masses, and systematically organizes corrections beyond the heavy-probe limit.

   hep-phhep-thphysics.atom-phquant-ph1 citation
2. 02*

   Weight-Based Representation Learning for Parameter Inference in Monte Carlo Simulations

   Vichayanun Wachirapusitanand🇹🇭 · Norraphat Srimanobhas🇹🇭

   We present a Machine Learning-based approach for parameter inference in physics models that exploits event-level weights provided by simulators. Individual observations may have weights assigned by a simulation framework that describe the change in probability with respect to the model parameters. As these assigned weights encode the sensitivity of the parameter, they can serve as a weak supervision signal for learning parameter-informative representations. In this work, our inference models are trained using simulator-provided weights to learn representations and their relations to the parameter-sensitive structures in the high-dimensional observations. The resulting representations are then discretised into summary statistics and the model parameter value is inferred using a likelihood-based inference procedure. We illustrate this approach by using simulated four-top-quark production to infer the top quark Yukawa coupling (the parameter of interest).

   hep-ph0 citations
3. 03*

   Impact of Future Dihadron Production Measurements on the Transversity Distributions and Tensor Charges of the Nucleon

   Yorgo Sawaya🇺🇸 · Christina Cocuzza🇺🇸 · Gregory Matousek🇺🇸 · Matthew McEneaney🇺🇸 · Andreas Metz🇺🇸 · Daniel Pitonyak🇺🇸 · Alexei Prokudin🇺🇸 · Nobuo Sato🇺🇸 · Anselm Vossen🇺🇸

   We assess the impact of future measurements of dihadron production in semi-inclusive deep-inelastic scattering from the CLAS12 and proposed SoLID experiments at Jefferson Lab, as well as from the ePIC experiment at the future Electron-Ion Collider (EIC), on the transversity parton distribution functions (PDFs) and the corresponding tensor charges of the nucleon. To this end, we generate pseudo-data for these experiments for a proton target (CLAS12 and ePIC) and a ${}^3$He target (SoLID and ePIC), and we include these pseudo-data in the JAMDiFF global analysis of existing experimental dihadron data. We find that future data from Jefferson Lab will significantly reduce uncertainties in the transversity PDFs in the region of intermediate-to-large quark momentum fractions $x$, while the EIC will provide strong constraints across the entire range of $x$, allowing for the first experimental test of the predicted small-$x$ behavior of the transversity PDFs. In discussing the reduction of uncertainties in the tensor charges, we also compare the results from the data analyses with those from lattice QCD, highlighting scenarios in which compatibility or tension between the two would arise.

   hep-phhep-exnucl-th0 citations
4. 04*

   Explaining the $B\to K{\mu }^{+}{\mu }^{-}$ Anomaly in the Left-Right Inverse Seesaw Model

   David Delepine🇲🇽 · Shaaban Khalil🇪🇬

   We investigate the long-standing anomaly in the rare decay B into Kll within the Left-Right Inverse Seesaw (LRIS) model. Global analyses of the B into s mu mu data consistently indicate a significant negative shift in the vector Wilson coefficient, $\Delta C9\approx -1$, while the axial coefficient $\Delta C10$ remains consistent with zero. We show that a charged-scalar/heavy-neutrino box diagram in the LRIS model naturally generates this pattern through a \emph{non-decoupling} mechanism: the right-handed coupling produces a contribution to $\Delta C9$ that is unsuppressed in the heavy-neutrino limit, while the simultaneous presence of a comparable left-handed Dirac Yukawa coupling ensures the automatic cancellation $\Delta C10\approx 0$. The otherwise large contribution to $B_s$--${\bar{B}}_s$ mixing is suppressed by several orders of magnitude through a GIM-like phase structure in the right-handed quark mixing matrix. A numerical scan over the model parameter space identifies a viable region, consistent with all current flavor and collider constraints. The $b\to s\gamma$ constraint is satisfied with two orders of magnitude to spare throughout the viable band. These results motivate correlated searches for the charged scalar and the heavy right-handed neutrinos at the LHC and future high-luminosity experiments.

   hep-phhep-ex2 citations
5. 05*

   Machine Learning Enhanced Detection of Higgs Chain Decays in Vector Boson Fusion

   Shreecheta Chowdhury🇮🇳 · Amit Chakraborty🇮🇳 · Stefano Moretti🇬🇧

   Over the years, Vector Boson Fusion (VBF) has established itself as one of the most robust production channels for studying the Higgs boson, while also serving as a promising pathway for exploring potential signatures of physics Beyond the Standard Model (BSM) at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Following the discovery of a SM-like Higgs boson, new opportunities have arisen to also investigate heavy resonances that decay into SM-like Higgs boson pairs, $hh$, thereby offering valuable insights into the structure of the Higgs sector and the dynamics governing Electro-Weak Symmetry Breaking (EWSB). In this work, we analyze a final state involving, alongside 2 forward/backward light quarks, 4 $b$-quarks emerging from the chain decay $h_2\to h_1{h}_1\to b\bar{b}b\bar{b}$ wherein the heavy CP-even Higgs state $h_2$ is produced in the VBF process $qq\to qq{h}_2$ and belongs to the Next-to-Minimal Supersymmetric SM (NMSSM). This BSM scenario is used as an illustrative example of the potential of using only low-level calorimeter information enhanced by advanced Deep Learning (DL) methodologies in searching for this channel, which can achieve a statistical significance of approximately $4.5\sigma$, for an integrated luminosity of 300 fb${}^{-1}$ at the CERN machine.

   hep-phhep-ex1 citation
6. 06*

   Multiplicity-dependent Hadron Enhancement in High-Energy pp and p-Pb Collisions within an Effective Mass-Scale Framework

   R. C. Baral🇮🇳 · B. Mohanty🇮🇳

   The multiplicity dependence of identified hadron yield ratios in high-energy pp and p-Pb collisions has commonly been interpreted in terms of strangeness-driven scaling and canonical suppression effects. In this work, we investigate whether the observed enhancement hierarchy may also admit a complementary phenomenological organization involving effective hadronic and valence-quark mass scales relative to a pion baseline. A simultaneous description of non-strange, strange, and multi-strange hadron-to-pion ratios is performed for pp collisions at \sqrt{s} = 7 TeV and p-Pb collisions at \sqrt{s_{NN}} = 5.02 TeV using an effective mass-scale parametrization. The stability of the parametrization is tested through reduced \chi^{2} values, pull distributions, parameter correlations, information-criterion comparisons, cross-system predictions, multiplicity-range variations, and studies of observables not included in the fit. Additional investigations involving relative enhancement patterns and hidden-strangeness \phi mesons are used to examine the extent to which the observed hierarchy is uniquely characterized by simple open-strangeness ordering. The analysis indicates that the multiplicity dependence of identified hadron production can be organized phenomenologically through an interplay of open strangeness, hadron species dependence, hidden-strangeness structure, and effective mass-related scales. The present framework should be interpreted as a complementary phenomenological description rather than as a microscopic theory of hadron production.

   hep-ph0 citations
7. 07*

   $n\to K\ell$ and the baryon asymmetry of the universe

   Carolina Arbeláez🇨🇱 · Juan Carlos Helo🇨🇱 · Martin Hirsch🇪🇸 · Toshihiko Ota🇨🇱

   The observed baryon asymmetry (BAU) of the universe puts strong constraints on any $(B-L)$-violating interaction. An observation of a $(B-L)$-violating nucleon decay channel would therefore have profound implications for our understanding of the BAU. Here we point out that the observation of the final state with a kaon and a charged lepton in a future nucleon decay experiment would hint at $(B-L)$ violation even if the charge of the lepton is not determined experimentally. In SMEFT, this follows from the fact that $n\to K^{+}{\ell }^{-}$ arises already at dimension seven, while the $(B-L)$-conserving decay $n\to K^{-}{\ell }^{+}$ requires dimension-ten operators that, in addition, would be accompanied by lower-dimensional $(B+L)$-violating decay modes. An observation of $n\to K\ell$ in the absence of other modes such as $p\to {\pi }^0{\ell }^{+}$, would then strongly suggest that $(B-L)$ is violated.

   hep-ph0 citations
8. 08*

   A quarkyonic matter model

   Toru Kojo🇯🇵

   Quarkyonic matter is a state of matter in dense QCD whose bulk thermodynamics is dominated by quarks, while low-energy excitations remain confined. This picture leads to a crossover description from baryonic matter to quark matter, which is triggered by the saturation of quark states in dense matter ({\it quark saturation}). The crossover driven by the quark saturation accompanies rapid growth in pressure but moderate increase in energy density, resulting in a peak in the sound speed which has been indicated by observational constraints from neutron star physics. The quark saturation can occur at a few times nuclear saturation density, which is smaller than the density at which the baryon cores of $\sim 0.5$--$0.8$ fm spatially overlap. In this contribution we discuss an ideal model of quarkyonic matter, the IdylliQ model, and we explicitly describe how the baryon and quark occupation probabilities are related, and explain how stiffening of matter occurs. The model is further applied to charge neutral matter including hyperons, and it is shown that the statistical constraints at quark level induce effective repulsion among different baryon species, mitigating the hyperon softening problem in neutron star physics.

   hep-phastro-ph.HEClass.Quant.Grav.(2026)·1 citation
9. 09*

   Rephasing invariant CP phases and sum rules in TM${}_{1,2}$ mixing

   Masaki J. S. Yang🇯🇵

   We show that the CP phases ${\varphi }_{1,2}$ appearing in the TM${}_{1,2}$ mixing are directly identified with rephasing invariants ${\varphi }_1=-\arg \left[U_{e2}{U}_{e3}{U}_{\mu 1}{U}_{\tau 1}/U_{e1}\det U\right]$, ${\varphi }_2=-\arg \left[U_{e1}{U}_{e3}{U}_{\mu 2}{U}_{\tau 2}/U_{e2}\det U\right]$. Furthermore, we demonstrate identities ${\varphi }_i=\delta -\arg [U_{\mu i}^0{U}_{\tau i}^0]$ among ${\varphi }_{1,2}$, the Dirac CP phase $\delta$ and matrix elements in the PDG parametrization $U_{\alpha i}^0$. These relations of CP phases are interpreted as specific elements of general sum rules represented by phase matrices.

   hep-ph1 citation
10. 10*

    Systematic Study of Coupled-Channel Dynamics in Doubly Heavy Hadronic Molecules

    Yu-Shan Ren🇨🇳 · Guang-Juan Wang🇯🇵 · Zhi Yang🇨🇳 · Jia-Jun Wu🇨🇳

    Heavy Quark Spin Symmetry (HQSS) is widely use to predict heavy molecules by extending the effective interactions fitted from low-lying states to heavier sectors. In this work, we systematically investigate the reliability of this approach for higher double heavy tetraquarks by comparing a single-channel effective interaction (Scheme I) with an explicit coupled-channel dynamics framework (Scheme II). The interactions are obtained within one-boson-exchange potential model and fixed by fitting the $T_{cc}^{+}$ lineshape. Utilizing the complex scaling method and $T$-matrix pole analysis, we extract the possible poles in the $S$-wave $D^{(\ast )}{D}^{(\ast )}$, ${\bar{B}}^{(\ast )}{\bar{B}}^{(\ast )}$ and $D^{(\ast )}{\bar{B}}^{(\ast )}$ systems with $J^P=1^{+}$. We find that both schemes provide consistent descriptions of the lowest-lying state. This confirms isoscalar-dominated $T_{cc}$ as a predominant $D{D}^{\ast }$ molecule (binding energy $\sim$ 381 keV), and predicts an isoscalar deeply bound $T_{bb}$ state ($40-60$ MeV) and an isovector $T_{bb}^{\prime }$ resonance in the bottom sector, together with a virtual $T_{bc}$ state. In contrast, significant differences emerge for higher-lying states. The inclusion of explicit coupled-channel dynamics modifies the effective interaction and reshapes the pole structure. The states predicted as bound or resonant in the single-channel framework can be shifted far from the physical region or disappear. These results indicate that while single-channel descriptions are adequate for near-threshold states, an explicit treatment of coupled-channel dynamics is required for reliable predictions of excited doubly heavy tetraquarks.

    hep-ph1 citation
11. 11*

    Probing the imaginary parts and their $q^2$ dependences for the tau $g-2$ and EDM

    Xin-Yu Du🇨🇳 · Xiao-Gang He🇨🇳 · Zhong-Lv Huang🇨🇳 · Chia-Wei Liu🇨🇳 · Zi-Yue Zou🇨🇳

    The $\tau$ anomalous magnetic dipole moment (MDM) $a_{\tau }=(g-2{)}_{\tau }/2$ and electric dipole moment (EDM) $d_{\tau }$, are precision probes of electroweak dynamics and possible new physics sources, yet both remain weakly constrained experimentally. Treated as generalized form factors, these quantities exhibit a generic $q^2$ dependence for an off-shell interacting photon. For timelike momentum transfer above the ${\tau }^{+}{\tau }^{-}$ threshold, $q^2=s>4m_{\tau }^2$, the form factors can acquire absorptive imaginary parts. We investigate how such a $q^2$ dependence and the associated imaginary parts are generated from two complementary perspectives: the model-independent Standard Model Effective Field Theory (SMEFT) and a UV-complete Two-Higgs-Doublet Model (2HDM). The effective framework reveals the intimate correlation between $a_{\tau }$ and $d_{\tau }$. New CP-violating interactions which generate a non-zero $d_{\tau }$, can also generically have non-zero contributions to $a_{\tau }$, thereby deeply linking their phenomenological studies. Within the 2HDM, we demonstrate that sizable imaginary parts and significant $q^2$ running can be generated at levels accessible by $e^{+}{e}^{-}$ colliders. Motivated by these features, we propose experimental methods to extract both the real and imaginary components of the dipole form factors. Utilizing these techniques, we show that Belle II and the Super Tau-Charm Facility (STCF) can improve current bounds on $a_{\tau }$ by more than one order of magnitude. Finally, we highlight that combining measurements across the distinct center-of-mass energies of Belle II and STCF provides a unique, previously unexplored avenue to explicitly obtain information about the $q^2$ evolution of these dipole form factors.

    hep-ph1 citation
12. 12*

    Probing pair production of long-lived scalars via an off-shell Standard-Model-like Higgs boson at the LHC

    Lei Wang🇨🇳 · Xianbo Yu🇨🇳 · Zeren Simon Wang🇨🇳

    We study the collider phenomenology of a long-lived scalar particle $S$ that arises from Higgs mixing in a broad class of Standard-Model (SM) extensions. When the mixing angle is sufficiently small, $S$ becomes long-lived, while its pair production via the Higgs portal can remain sizable. We focus on the production channel $gg\to h^{\ast }\to SS$ at the LHC, mediated by an \textit{off-shell} SM-like Higgs boson. This mechanism provides a complementary probe of $S$ in the mass region above the kinematic threshold of the conventional on-shell decay $h\to SS$, thereby extending the accessible parameter space to heavier scalars. The long-lived $S$ particles can decay inside the inner detector, leading to displaced vertices (DVs) accompanied by jets. We perform a detailed Monte Carlo simulation and reinterpret an existing recast of an ATLAS search for DV-plus-jets signatures in this scenario. We also consider a modified analysis strategy based on the same search to assess potential improvements in sensitivity. We find that the current ATLAS search already excludes a significant region of the parameter space, reaching scalar masses up to $m_S\sim 230$~GeV for a benchmark $hSS$ coupling $\lambda v$ of $246$~GeV. The modified analysis and projections to the high-luminosity LHC further extend the sensitivity to wider regions of the mass--lifetime parameter space.

    hep-phhep-ex0 citations
13. 13*

    Prediction of doubly-charm hadronic molecules with double strange quarks

    Fu-Lai Wang🇨🇳 · Xiang Liu🇨🇳

    In this work, we investigate whether the $T$-doublet charmed-strange mesons and their antiparticles can form hidden-charm hidden-strangeness molecular tetraquarks by applying the one-boson-exchange model. We identify $D_{s1}{\bar{D}}_{s1}$ ($J^{PC}=0^{++},1^{+-},2^{++}$), $D_{s1}{\bar{D}}_{s2}^{\ast }$ ($J^{PC}=1^{+\pm },2^{+\pm },3^{+\pm }$), and $D_{s2}^{\ast }{\bar{D}}_{s2}^{\ast }$ ($J^{PC}=0^{++},1^{+-},2^{++},3^{+-},4^{++}$) as promising hidden-charm hidden-strangeness molecular tetraquark candidates. Notably, the $D_{s1}{\bar{D}}_{s2}^{\ast }$ state with $J^{PC}=2^{+-}$ possesses exotic spin-parity quantum numbers forbidden for conventional mesons, providing a clean experimental signature for exotic hadrons. Moreover, the $D_{s2}^{\ast }{\bar{D}}_{s2}^{\ast }$ state with $J^{PC}=4^{++}$ is a rare high-spin hadronic molecule. We then extend the same framework to discuss the binding properties of the $T_s{T}_s$ systems and construct the mass spectrum of corresponding doubly-charm doubly-strangeness molecular tetraquarks. The promising candidates are $D_{s1}{D}_{s1}$ ($J^P=2^{+}$), $D_{s1}{D}_{s2}^{\ast }$ ($J^P=3^{+}$), and $D_{s2}^{\ast }{D}_{s2}^{\ast }$ ($J^P=4^{+}$), all of which are absolutely flavor-exotic. We encourage experimental searches for these predicted hadronic molecules, which would be a crucial step toward establishing doubly-charm molecular tetraquarks with strangeness $S=0$ or $2$.

    hep-phhep-ex0 citations
14. 14*

    Semileptonic Decays of $\Lambda \to p{\ell }^{-}{\bar{\nu }}_{\ell }$ in the Light-Front Dynamics

    Chong-Chung Lih🇨🇳 · Chao-Qiang Geng🇨🇳

    We investigate the exclusive semileptonic decays of $\Lambda \to p{\ell }^{-}{\bar{\nu }}_{\ell }(\ell =e,\mu )$ within the Standard Model using the light-front quark model. The transition form factor behaviors of $\Lambda \to p$ are obtained from the effective treatment of nonvalence contributions in addition to the valence ones in the Drell-Yan-West frame due to the Bethe-Salpeter formalism. Based on these form factors, we obtain that the branching ratios of $\Lambda \to p{e}^{-}{\bar{\nu }}_e$ and $p{\mu }^{-}{\bar{\nu }}_{\mu }$, including nonvalence contributions, are around $8.32\times 10^{-4}$ and $1.31\times 10^{-4}$, which are consistent with the latest measurements from the BESIII Collaboration, respectively. Our results indicate that nonvalence contributions can play a non-negligible role in the semileptonic baryon decays within the light-front framework.

    hep-phhep-exnucl-th1 citation
15. 15*

    Probing the dark axion portal via $J/\psi$ decays at BESIII and STCF

    Zeren Simon Wang🇨🇳 · Dazhuang He🇨🇳 · Yu Zhang🇨🇳

    Large numbers of $J/\psi$ mesons can be resonantly produced at BESIII and STCF at the center-of-mass energy $\sqrt{s}=3.097$~GeV. Such $J/\psi$ mesons may undergo rare decays into an axionlike particle (ALP) $a$ and a dark photon ${\gamma }^{\prime }$ through the dark axion portal. We investigate the exclusion reach of the existing BESIII dataset and the projected sensitivity of STCF, focusing on the mono-photon signature. We perform Monte Carlo simulations of the signal and estimate both the irreducible $J/\psi \to \gamma \nu \bar{\nu }$ background and the continuum and resonant three-photon reducible backgrounds. Detector-induced migration of three-photon events into the mono-photon signal region is parameterized by the event-level leakage probability ${ϵ}_{3\gamma }^{\mathrm{leak}}=0,10^{-6},10^{-4},10^{-3}$. In the zero- and sufficiently small-leakage benchmarks, the existing BESIII dataset could probe previously unexplored parameter space, while STCF can further improve the coupling reach. Increasing leakage probabilities progressively weaken these projections, highlighting the importance of detector-level three-photon rejection in realizing the projected reach.

    hep-phhep-ex1 citation
16. 16*

    Anomaly flow and anomaly cancellation

    Yutaka Hosotani🇯🇵

    In gauge theory on 5D orbifolds the magnitude of chiral anomalies of 4D gauge fields changes with the value of the Aharonov-Bohm (AB) phase ${\theta }_H$ in the fifth dimension. Anomaly flows with the AB phase. In particular in the Randall-Sundrum (RS) warped space gauge couplings of 4D fermions depend on bulk mass parameters of 5D fermion multiplets. We show that in the GUT-inspired $SO(5)\times U(1)\times SU(3)$ gauge-Higgs unification model in the RS warped space the total anomalies including contributions of all Kaluza-Klein excited modes of fermions become universal, being independent of the values of the bulk mass parameters of fermions and expressed in terms of the values of $W$ and $Z$ wave functions at the ultraviolet and infrared branes in the RS space. It is shown that cancellation of gauge anomalies is achieved in each generation even for ${\theta }_H\ne 0$.

    hep-phPRD(2026)·0 citations
17. 17*

    Reinterpreting the ATLAS HHH$\to 6b$ Search with CheckMATE and Rivet: Validation, TRSM Benchmarks, and HL-LHC Prospects

    Tomasz Procter🇵🇱 · Krzysztof Rolbiecki🇵🇱 · Andrzej Siódmok🇵🇱

    We present an implementation in CheckMATE and Rivet of the ATLAS collaboration search for triple Higgs boson production in a six $b$-jets final state. The search relies on event selection using a deep neural network and a statistical model based on the HS3 format. Owing to a rich validation material provided by ATLAS, we perform a thorough validation of neural network input features and exclusion limits in the Standard Model and its extension with two additional singlet scalar fields (TRSM). Finally, we discuss expected performance of the search at the High Luminosity LHC in several scenarios of systematic uncertainty. We present projected exclusion limits for a set of TRSM benchmark models beyond those considered by ATLAS.

    hep-ph1 citation
18. 18*

    The $\mu -\tau$ Counter Reflection Symmetry

    Pralay Chakraborty🇮🇳 · Manash Dey🇮🇳

    A novel symmetry for the neutrino mass matrix is proposed that naturally accommodates an inverted mass hierarchy while offering additional phenomenological advantages. The corresponding texture can be realized within a minimal framework based on $\Delta (27)$ symmetry.

    hep-ph0 citations
19. 19*

    Tachyonic particle production: quantum 2PI formalism with momentum exchanging collisions

    Kimmo Kainulainen🇫🇮 · Sami Nurmi🇫🇮 · Olli Väisänen🇫🇮

    Oscillating spacetime curvature can drive particle production during reheating, whose accurate modeling requires the use of non-perturbative out-of-equilibrium methods. Tachyonic instabilities have previously been studied using 2-Particle Irreducible (2PI) formalism in the Hartree approximation, which however misses important momentum exchanging interactions. We present a self-consistent approximation scheme for reducing the non-local next-to-leading order 2PI equations of motion to local quantum kinetic equations, which can be solved with standard methods. We pay special attention to interactions involving unstable modes during tachyonic instabilities.

    hep-phastro-ph.COhep-th0 citations
20. 20*

    Interpreting Light Scalar Excesses and Heavy Scalar Cascades in the $\mu$-Term Extended NMSSM

    Jingwei Lian🇨🇳

    The hints for a scalar resonance near $95\mathrm{GeV}$ in the LEP $b\bar{b}$ channel and in the LHC diphoton searches remain among the most persistent small deviations in the Higgs sector. At the same time, searches for a heavier resonance decaying into the observed Higgs boson and an additional scalar have become more restrictive, especially after the recent CMS analysis of the $b\bar{b}b\bar{b}$ final state. We study these observations in the $\mu$-term extended Next-to-Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model ($\mu$NMSSM), where a singlet-like CP-even scalar can lie near $95\mathrm{GeV}$ and the heavier doublet states can appear around the mass range probed by the CMS searches. After imposing Higgs data, extra Higgs limits, flavor constraints, electroweak precision observables and direct SUSY search bounds, we find viable regions that can accommodate the $95\mathrm{GeV}$ diphoton and $b\bar{b}$ rates within the $2\sigma$ ranges. The viable points fall into two characteristic patterns. One gives a larger diphoton signal through a suppressed $h_{s}b\bar{b}$ coupling, while the other gives a larger LEP rate through stronger doublet mixing. The heavy CP-even scalar can decay through $H\to h{h}_s$ and $H\to h_s{h}_s$ with rates close to the reach of present and future searches. The CP-odd sector provides an additional channel, $A_2\to h{A}_1\to 4b$, which can populate the mass region around $(600,400)\mathrm{GeV}$ where the latest CMS $4b$ analysis finds its largest local deviation, while remaining below its current limits. For the positive-$\mu$ subset, the inflation-inspired framework admits a gravitino as the lightest supersymmetric particle (LSP) dark matter candidate, with the lightest neutralino acting as the next-to-LSP and is typically long-lived at collider scales.

    hep-phJHEP(2026)·0 citations
21. 21*

    Semi-analytical two-loop QCD corrections to $e^{+}{e}^{-}\to J/\psi +{\chi }_{cJ}$ at B factories

    Hao-Yang Liu🇨🇳 · Cong Li🇨🇳 · Wen-Long Sang🇨🇳

    In this work, we compute the next-to-next-to-leading-order (NNLO) QCD corrections to the process $e^{+}{e}^{-}\to J/\psi +{\chi }_{cJ}$ at B factories within the NRQCD factorization framework. The helicity amplitudes are obtained via asymptotic expansions around $r=0$ and $r=1$, with $r=16m_c^2/s$. Our asymptotic expressions reproduce the exact numerical results with high accuracy across the entire range $0\le r\le 1$, achieving a relative error below $10^{-5}$, which is sufficient for phenomenological applications. Notably, the large logarithmic terms are obtained analytically. We compute the unpolarized cross sections. The $\mathcal{O}({\alpha }_s)$ correction is found to be large, while the $\mathcal{O}({\alpha }_s^2)$ correction for ${\chi }_{c0}$ production amounts to $33\%$ of the leading-order (LO) cross section, significantly reducing the scale uncertainties. For ${\chi }_{c1}$, the $\mathcal{O}({\alpha }_s)$ and $\mathcal{O}({\alpha }_s^2)$ corrections correspond to $35\%$ and $-15\%$, respectively. For ${\chi }_{c2}$, the corresponding corrections are $25\%$ and $-38\%$. The large cancellation between the corrections for ${\chi }_{c2}$ brings the NNLO cross section close to the LO prediction. Our prediction for ${\chi }_{c0}$ is consistent with the {\tt Belle} measurement and agrees with the {\tt BaBar} data within $2\sigma$. We also predict the angular distribution parameters ${\alpha }_{\theta }^J$, which are independent of nonperturbative inputs. A sharp discrepancy between the theory and the {\tt Belle} measurement is observed for ${\alpha }_{\theta }^0$, calling for further experimental and theoretical investigations. Moreover, future measurements of the angular distribution parameters for ${\chi }_{c1}$ and ${\chi }_{c2}$ will provide important tests of the theoretical framework.

    hep-phhep-ex2 citations
22. 22*

    Azimuthal decorrelation in diffractive dijet production

    Ding Yu Shao🇨🇳 · Yu Shi🇫🇷 · Cheng Zhang🇨🇳 · Jian Zhou🇨🇳 · Ya-jin Zhou🇨🇳

    We calculate the azimuthal angular decorrelation of diffractive dijets in ultra-peripheral heavy-ion, $ep$, and $eA$ collisions to probe non-perturbative diffractive transverse momentum-dependent distributions. Focusing on the dominant semi-inclusive channel with an unobserved semi-hard gluon, we perform an all-order resummation of soft gluon emissions for the transverse energy-energy correlator observable, accounting for both initial and final state radiation. We also analyze heavy-quark pair production and demonstrate the sensitivity of the decorrelation to the jet axis definition. Finally, we provide numerical predictions for relevant kinematics at LHC UPCs, HERA, and the future EIC. Our results demonstrate that the acoplanarity of diffractive dijet production could serve as a promising probe of diffractive transverse momentum-dependent distributions.

    hep-phhep-thnucl-th3 citations
23. 23*

    Probing Pair Correlations in QCD Matter with Photon Spectra

    Xingjian Lu🇨🇳 · Shuzhe Shi🇨🇳

    Correlations in the phase-space distribution of partons play an important role in the initial stage of relativistic heavy-ion collisions, where the matter is dense and far from equilibrium. Photons produced in the hot medium, which predominantly originate from two-parton initial states, are sensitive to two-particle correlations in the phase-space distribution. In this work, we study how pair correlations in non-equilibrium QCD matter affect in-medium photon production. We decompose the two-particle distribution as ${\mathcal{F}}_{ab}=f_a{f}_b+g_{ab}$, where $g_{ab}$ is the pair correlation. Focusing on the $2\to 2$ quark--antiquark annihilation and Compton channels, we compute the leading-logarithmic photon spectrum by expanding the single-particle distribution and pair correlation in a spectral basis, thereby accommodating a broad class of two-particle distributions. For a rotationally invariant medium, we find that relative-angle modes of the pair correlation generate sign-changing modifications to the photon spectrum, with magnitudes that can be comparable to the factorized contribution. Thus, photon spectra, although single-particle observables, can measure the momentum correlations of the emitting medium and therefore probe the early-time hydrodynamization.

    hep-phnucl-th0 citations
24. 24*

    On the spanning cuts consistency problem in the IBP reductions of Feynman integrals

    Zihao Wu🇨🇳 · Yingxuan Xu🇩🇪

    The spanning cuts method is a powerful approach to reduce the cost of IBP reduction while computing Feynman integrals. However, its usage is limited due to the so-called consistency problem. It was unclear why the IBP reduction coefficients can be inconsistent with each other between different cuts. In this paper, we report a mechanism behind this inconsistency. We found that the IBP relations can be violated under the cuts, if we blindly erase the hidden terms that are proportional to the ``vanishing'' Feynman prescription parameters in the relations. In some cases, the cut introduces pinch singularities, which cancel the vanishing Feynman prescription parameters, making the hidden terms finite. In various cases, the error comes from omitting such finite hidden terms. We also claimed that the pinch singularity under the cuts are related to some hidden relations between the propagators. In this paper, we provide an algorithm and its implementation to find the linear hidden relations.

    hep-phhep-th0 citations
25. 25*

    Comment on "QCD-factorization amplitudes from flavour symmetries: beyond the $SU(3)$ symmetric case''

    Bhubanjyoti Bhattacharya🇺🇸 · David London🇨🇦

    Recently, a fit to $B\to PP$ decays ($P\in \{\pi ,K,\eta ,{\eta }^{\prime }\}$) was performed (arXiv:2604.19612, "QCD-factorization amplitudes from flavour symmetries: beyond the $SU(3)$ symmetric case''}) using a formalism that combines topological diagrams with QCD factorization, and a good fit was found. We also recently performed such a fit, under the assumption that the $B\to PP$ amplitudes are related by flavour SU(3) symmetry, but we found a very poor fit. The two results therefore disagree with one another. The source of this disagreement is that we applied EWP-tree relations (ETRs). These were derived $\sim 30$ years ago, and relate different topological diagrams or reduced matrix elements, thus reducing the number of unknown parameters in the fit. In their paper, it is asserted that ETRs are invalid, so that analyses that use them are unreliable. We are writing this Comment to explain why this assertion is incorrect. The key point is that ETRs are mathematically rigorous, group theoretically. If SU(3) is unbroken, and the small Wilson coefficients $c_{7,8}$ in the weak effective Hamiltonian are neglected, ETRs follow automatically and are exact. That is, this is a group theory result -- no hadronic calculations are involved. In this Comment, we also point out several weaknesses of their formalism.

    hep-phhep-ex0 citations
26. 26*

    New Windows on Heavy Dark Matter: Mineral Melt Modelling and X-Ray Readout for Muscovite Mica

    Yilda Boukhtouchen🇨🇦 · Joseph Bramante🇨🇦 · Andrew Buchanan🇨🇦 · Alexander Hayes🇨🇦 · Matthew Leybourne🇨🇦 · Jennika McIntosh🇨🇦 · Anupam Ray🇨🇦 · Aaron Shugar🇨🇦

    Muscovite mica is a translucent, layered silicate mineral whose basal cleavage, low radiogenic background, gigayear exposures, and demonstrated track retention over geological timescales make it a compelling target for rare particle searches. In this work, we develop a new framework for detecting heavy composite dark matter using muscovite mica as a paleodetector. We model melt track formation by heavy composite dark matter transiting through mica using a Sedov-Taylor thermal spike formalism, and validate the sub-micron regime with SRIM/TRIM simulations of nuclear recoil cascades, which also calibrate the phonon efficiency governing local energy deposition. We demonstrate a novel readout method using rapid X-ray fluorescence mapping with a copper backing contrast technique, capable of identifying micron-scale damage features in cleaved mica sheets over macroscopic scan areas, and calibrate the minimum detectable track size using laser-ablated defect regions. We present projected sensitivities for opaque and diffuse composite dark matter, including a sub-melt hole-channel detection mode for large composites substantially attenuated by overburden. We also revisit prior dark matter exclusions from etched mica searches, identifying shortcomings that compromise the robustness of these constraints.

    hep-phhep-ex2 citations
27. 27*

    Is Parity Violation a Dynamical Effect?

    James H. Atwater🇺🇸 · David Lambert🇺🇸 · Yuri Rostovtsev🇺🇸

    As has been shown by multiple authors in recent decades, it is possible to reformulate various portions of the standard model over the ring of complex quaternions. In this paper, we utilize a complex quaternion spin representation of the spacetime algebra to derive the magnetic moments of standard model fermions and the $W^{\pm }$ boson. The moments calculated are not limited to those with the photon. We account for coupling to the magnetic fields of each standard model gauge boson. We naively assume that fermions coupled to weak isospin have magnetic moments with the charged bosons. Upon assuming these charged moments exist, we realize that they are to be influenced by the neutral, pseudovector-valued magnetic fields that are observed when a charged particle is moving. Visualizing the derived moments of fermions and charged bosons together, we find a possible explanation for the parity asymmetry observed in charged weak interactions.

    hep-ph0 citations
28. 28*

    Thermal Metastable Strings in One-Scale Models and Gravitational Waves

    Arturo de Giorgi🇬🇧 · James Ingoldby🇬🇧 · Valentin V. Khoze🇬🇧 · Jessica Turner🇬🇧

    Metastable cosmic strings provide a cosmological interpretation of the nanohertz stochastic gravitational wave background reported by Pulsar Timing Array (PTA) experiments. We revisit this scenario in a minimal dark-sector gauge theory, in which a complex Higgs doublet breaks $\mathrm{SU}(2)\times \mathrm{U}(1)\to \mathrm{U}(1)$ at a single symmetry-breaking scale. This one-scale setup predicts metastable $Z$-strings whose endpoints are monopole-like defects, and whose zero-temperature decay rate is controlled by the gauge couplings and mass ratios. We show that, once the string-forming transition occurs in a thermal plasma, the dominant decay channel is not the zero-temperature monopole nucleation but thermally induced nucleation on the string worldsheet. We determine the nucleation temperature, $T_{\mathrm{nuc}}$, from the one-loop finite-temperature effective potential with daisy resummation, and use it to compute the string formation temperature throughout the model parameter space. Requiring both a viable first-order transition and a PTA-compatible gravitational wave signal selects a narrow region in the model parameter space, in the $({\sin }^2{\theta }_w,\sqrt{\beta })$ plane, where ${\theta }_w$ is the dark-sector weak mixing angle and $\beta \equiv M_{\Phi }^2/M_Z^2$ is the squared Higgs-to-$Z$ mass ratio. Thermal effects modify the zero-temperature picture significantly, shifting the PTA-compatible region towards lower values of the dark fine-structure constant ${\alpha }^{\prime }$ and larger values of the monopole-to-string-tension ratio $\kappa$.

    hep-phastro-ph.COhep-th2 citations
29. 29*

    Stochastic Dynamics of Heavy Quarks in Strongly Coupled Plasma

    Krishna Rajagopal🇺🇸 · Bruno Scheihing-Hitschfeld🇺🇸 · Urs Achim Wiedemann🇨🇭

    We study the stochastic dynamics of heavy quarks propagating through the strongly coupled plasma of $\mathcal{N}=4$ supersymmetric Yang-Mills (SYM) theory at nonzero temperature in terms of the corresponding Kolmogorov equation, which correctly describes their kinetic equilibration and the non-Gaussian fluctuations in their momenta without having to restrict their velocity to the non-relativistic regime. Leveraging the heavy quark limit, we show that the evolution of the momentum space distribution function can be reformulated as a Hamilton-Jacobi problem, and therefore can be solved in terms of first-order ordinary differential equations. We solve these evolution equations in an infinite thermal plasma with a constant temperature for initial conditions specified by spherically symmetric heavy quark momentum distributions with a phenomenologically motivated shape that is steeply falling at large momentum. To highlight the distinctive features of the kinetic equilibration process, we compare their solutions with Fokker-Planck dynamics with the same drag coefficient and fluctuations chosen by hand to guarantee equilibration. We find qualitatively similar dynamics at small momentum, and very different dynamics at large momentum, where, much like in jet quenching phenomena, the steepness of the momentum distribution gives a larger relevance to unlikely events in which a heavy quark loses little momentum in a given time step. Such events are much less unlikely in the Kolmogorov evolution than in Fokker-Planck evolution with the same mean energy loss, meaning that equilibration at large momentum is significantly delayed. Our results provide a systematic description of heavy quarks propagating through strongly coupled plasma from the ultra-relativistic to the non-relativistic regime and point the way towards implementation in phenomenological studies.

    hep-phhep-thnucl-th4 citations
30. 30*

    Precision Electroweak Constraints on Neutrinophilic Scalars

    Saeid Foroughi-Abari🇨🇦 · Camilla Mupo🇨🇦 · Drona Vatsyayan🇨🇦 · Yue Zhang🇨🇦

    Strong self-interaction among the active neutrinos mediated by a neutrinophilic scalar is a well-motivated target of particle physics and cosmological probes. In this article, we present precision electroweak constraints on models for neutrino self-interaction. We first work in the simplified model where the finite radiative corrections are obtained with the guidance of gauge invariance. These corrections are logarithmically enhanced for small mediator masses. We point out the importance of neutrino charged-current coupling correction and its impact on the $\Delta r$ parameter and Fermi constant measurements. This effect was overlooked previously and allows us to derive the leading constraint on the neutrinophilic couplings for mediator mass above a few hundred MeV. We investigate the robustness of the result in a concrete UV completion which further includes a TeV-scale $SU(2{)}_L$ triplet scalar and find the simplified model constraints continue to hold for a wide range of parameter space. We pin down moving parts in the UV complete model and conditions when the contributions from heavy particle loops are no longer negligible. Our results serve as a useful road map for future explorations of the self-interacting neutrino paradigm.

    hep-ph1 citation
31. 31*

    Majoron Dark Matter, High-Scale Seesaw, and Leptogenesis

    Brian Batell🇺🇸 · Arnab Dasgupta🇺🇸 · Swapnil Dutta🇺🇸 · Akshay Ghalsasi🇺🇸

    We study the cosmology and observational probes of majoron dark matter in a high-scale seesaw framework with spontaneously broken lepton number. Right-handed neutrinos naturally generate light neutrino masses and can realize thermal leptogenesis, while the associated majoron is a light pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone boson that can be cosmologically stable and serve as a viable dark matter candidate for sub-MeV masses. We analyze both pre-inflationary and post-inflationary histories of lepton number breaking. In the pre-inflationary scenario, majoron dark matter is produced by misalignment and constrained by CMB isocurvature. In the post-inflationary scenario, the majoron abundance receives nonthermal contributions from spatially averaged misalignment, majoron radiation from global cosmic strings, and the collapse of the string-domain wall network, as well as a thermally produced component. This scenario can also be probed by future searches for the stochastic gravitational wave background produced by cosmic strings. We map the viable majoron dark matter parameter space and examine complementary probes from X-ray and soft gamma ray searches for majoron decays to photons, black hole superradiance, and Lyman-$\alpha$ forest observations. These results demonstrate that majoron dark matter offers a distinctive cosmological probe of high-scale lepton number breaking and thermal leptogenesis.

    hep-ph5 citations
32. 32*

    Anatomy and Phenomenology of Minimal Flavor Deconstruction in the Lepton Sector

    Antonio Masiero🇮🇹 · Paride Paradisi🇮🇹 · Daniel Quieroz🇪🇸 · Andrea Sainaghi🇮🇹 · Nicola Valori🇪🇸 · Oscar Vives🇪🇸

    We investigate the low-energy phenomenology of a minimal flavor-deconstructed framework in the lepton sector within an effective field theory approach, focusing on the interplay between flavor and CP violation. Starting from the ultraviolet completion of the model, we derive the effective Yukawa structure through a systematic spurion expansion beyond leading order and identify the dominant sources of flavor and CP violation. We show that, while leading-order effects to dipole operators are approximately aligned with the Yukawa matrices, next-to-leading order contributions generically induce physical CP-violating phases and flavor misalignment, leading to potentially observable low-energy signals. After constructing the corresponding low-energy effective theory, we analyze the phenomenological implications for charged lepton flavor violating observables, lepton flavor universality tests, and electric dipole moments (EDMs). We find that future searches for $\mu -e$ conversion and the electron EDM can probe scales in the multi-10~TeV range under natural assumptions on the flavor structure and CP phases. Our results highlight the complementarity between flavor-violating and CP-violating observables and demonstrate that precision measurements in the lepton sector provide a powerful probe of flavor-deconstructed scenarios beyond the direct reach of collider experiments.

    hep-ph1 citation
33. 33*

    On vacua and bounded masses in the general 2HDM

    José M. Camacho🇪🇸 · Carlos Miró🇮🇹 · Miguel Nebot🇪🇸 · Tomás Tobarra🇪🇸

    Two Higgs doublets models with a scalar potential that breaks electroweak symmetry spontaneously can have either one or two local minima. While potentials with one minimum can have a decoupling regime where all the new scalars are heavy, we show that, for potentials with $two$ local minima, the masses of all the scalars are bounded if the dimensionless quartic couplings obey perturbativity constraints.

    hep-phPLB(2026)·0 citations
34. 34*

    Projected Energy Correlators: Two-Loop Jet Functions and NNLL Resummation

    Kyle Lee🇺🇸 · Yibei Li🇩🇪 · Zhen Xu🇨🇳 · Xiaoyuan Zhang🇺🇸

    We present the next-to-next-to-leading logarithmic (NNLL) collinear resummation of projected $N$-point energy correlators (ENCs) up to $N=6$, matched to fixed-order predictions at NLO, in both electron-positron annihilation and Higgs decay to gluons. The key new ingredient is the two-loop jet function for $N=4,5,6$, which we compute semi-analytically using Integration-by-Parts and differential equations. We further include the leading non-perturbative corrections for ENCs, described by two universal soft matrix elements ${\overline{\Omega }}_{1q},{\overline{\Omega }}_{1g}$ of order ${\Lambda }_{\mathrm{QCD}}$, whose evolution is governed by anomalous dimensions for $(N-1)$-point correlators. The matched distributions are compared with parton-shower simulations from Pythia8 and Herwig7, and we study the sensitivity of both the absolute spectra and their ratios to the two-point energy correlator under variations of ${\alpha }_s$ and ${\overline{\Omega }}_{1q,1g}$. Our results show that higher-point projected energy correlators are now under quantitative control at NNLL accuracy, opening the door to future ${\alpha }_s$ extractions with complementary systematics.

    hep-phhep-exnucl-th5 citations
35. 35*

    Magnetized bottom-up thermalization in heavy-ion collisions

    Ritesh Ghosh🇹🇼 · Igor A. Shovkovy🇺🇸

    We investigate how a strong magnetic field generated in noncentral heavy-ion collisions may modify the bottom-up equilibration scenario. In the conventional weak-coupling picture, the earliest stages of the evolution are dominated by overoccupied gluons, while quark production is parametrically delayed. In a background magnetic field, however, additional inelastic channels become kinematically allowed or enhanced, most notably gluon decay into quark-antiquark pairs, $g\to q+\bar{q}$. Using parametric estimates, we show that for sufficiently strong fields, with $|eB|$ approaching the saturation scale squared, $Q_s^2$, magnetic-field-induced quark production can become important during the earliest stages of bottom-up evolution. This mechanism can populate the hard quark sector, modify the chemical composition of the pre-equilibrium matter, and provide an additional pathway toward chemical equilibration. We also discuss possible back-reaction effects, including quark-antiquark annihilation, depletion of the hard-gluon sector, and the potential feedback of early quark production on the electromagnetic conductivity of the medium. This exploratory study of a magnetically assisted bottom-up scenario provides a natural extension of the standard framework, with qualitative predictions that depend sensitively on the lifetime and spacetime profile of the magnetic field.

    hep-phnucl-th0 citations
36. 36*

    Deconstructing the Extra-Dimensional Axion

    Shihwen Hor🇨🇳 · Yuichiro Nakai🇨🇳 · Motoo Suzuki🇮🇹 · Junxuan Xu🇨🇳

    We present a four-dimensional deconstruction of the extra-dimensional axion arising from a $U(1)$ gauge theory in a five-dimensional orbifold, where the axion is identified with the Wilson line of the $U(1)$ gauge field and its coupling to QCD is generated by a 5D Chern-Simons (CS) term. We construct the corresponding 4D moose (quiver) gauge theory with link scalar fields, in which the axion emerges as a collective pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone boson. The axion-gluon coupling is described by a gauged Wess-Zumino-Witten term, providing the 4D counterpart of the 5D CS term. We further analyze non-perturbative effects from zero-mode and ``fractional'' instanton configurations. While the latter is exponentially suppressed in the regime corresponding to the 5D description, ensuring consistency with the higher-dimensional picture, we point out that this suppression can break down for smaller instantons whose inverse size exceeds the 5D cutoff scale, leading to a potentially significant effect. We also study axion potentials induced by bulk matter fields and boundary-localized symmetry-breaking operators, reproducing the characteristic nonlocal suppression associated with propagation in the extra dimension. Our construction provides a renormalizable 4D framework with a transparent understanding of the axion shift symmetry and its quality.

    hep-phastro-ph.COhep-th3 citations
37. 37*

    The Delta Resonance in the Neutrino Sky

    Arifa Khatee Zathul🇺🇸 · Ke Fang🇺🇸 · Francis Halzen🇺🇸 · Dan Hooper🇺🇸

    Recent measurements of the diffuse cosmic neutrino flux by IceCube show evidence for a spectral break at an energy near $E_{\nu }\sim 30$ TeV. In this letter, we suggest that this feature may be due to the $\Delta$-baryon resonance in $p\gamma$ interactions. We show that the measured spectrum, including the observed break, can be naturally accommodated by a flux of protons accelerated with a spectrum $d{N}_p/d{E}_p\propto E_p^{-3.1}$ interacting with X-rays of typical energy $E_{\gamma }\sim 0.3\mathrm{keV}$. We also point out that the presence of this spectral break significantly reduces the contribution of neutrino sources to the isotropic gamma-ray background, alleviating the longstanding tension between these measurements. In the $\Delta$-resonance scenario, the gamma rays accompanying neutrino production cascade down to MeV-GeV energies and contribute at the $\sim 10\%$ level to the isotropic gamma-ray background at $\sim 3$~GeV. If our proposal is realized, it may imply that we have identified the dominant sources that produce the extragalactic cosmic rays.

    ↳ astro-ph.HEhep-ph2 citations
38. 38*

    Suppression of boosted relic neutrinos by photon backgrounds during ultra-high-energy cosmic ray propagation

    Gabriel Azeredo🇧🇷 · Vitor de Souza🇧🇷

    Constraining the cosmic neutrino background (C$\nu$B) represents a major experimental challenge in cosmology. Recent studies have suggested that relic neutrinos boosted by ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) may generate observable diffuse neutrino fluxes. Previous estimates have not effectively propagated the primary cosmic rays, often neglecting crucial energy losses and the unavoidable, competing interactions with diffuse photon backgrounds. Here we revisit these expectations using a realistic Monte Carlo propagation framework. This approach allows us to consistently incorporate cosmic ray energy losses, nuclear photodisintegration, and production of secondary neutrinos. We show that interactions with diffuse photon backgrounds strongly suppress the boosted relic neutrino flux predicted in simplified propagation scenarios. Furthermore, we demonstrate that to produce any observable suppression on the UHECR energy spectrum at Earth, or for the boosted C$\nu$B component to become comparable to the cosmogenic neutrino flux, the C$\nu$B density must be enhanced by a factor, the so-called overdensity, of extreme magnitude ($\eta \gtrsim 10^8$).

    ↳ astro-ph.HEhep-ph1 citation
39. 39*

    Decaying Dark Matter as a Possible Solution for Cosmological Tensions

    Yaman Acharya🇺🇸 · Ryan E. Johnson🇺🇸

    Large-scale structure measurements have revealed persistent tensions between early- and late-time cosmological probes, most notably the long-standing discrepancy in the structure-growth parameter $S_8$. In this work, we explore how a model including decaying dark matter (DDM) can alleviate this tension by suppressing the growth of matter fluctuations at late times. Specifically, we consider a neutrinophilic decay channel in which a heavy dark matter particle $\chi$ slowly decays into a Standard Model neutrino and a light invisible fermion, $\chi \to \nu +\varphi$, modifying both the background evolution and the clustering of structure. Using the DES Year~1 redshift distributions, we construct a baseline matter power spectrum and compute the galaxy-galaxy, shear-shear, and galaxy-shear angular power spectra under both $\Lambda$CDM and DDM-inspired scenarios. We find that slow dark matter decay produces a scale-dependent suppression of clustering that remains consistent with DES measurements while naturally shifting the predicted structure amplitude toward the lower values favored by weak lensing surveys. Our results suggest that decaying dark matter is a compelling and physically motivated framework for addressing the $S_8$ tension.

    ↳ astro-ph.COhep-ph3 citations
40. 40*

    Linear causality and stability constraints on relativistic second-order magnetohydrodynamics

    Yiwei Qiu🇨🇳 · Duan She🇨🇳 · Defu Hou🇨🇳

    In this work, we construct a theoretical framework for relativistic second-order magnetohydrodynamics based on entropy current analysis. The formalism consistently incorporates the relaxation dynamics of dissipative fluxes, ensuring the hyperbolic nature of the evolution equations. Utilizing linear mode analysis, we investigate the constraints imposed by causality and stability on this anisotropic system. By linearizing the theory around a homogeneous equilibrium state, we demonstrate that the excitation spectrum decomposes into magnetosonic, Alfvén, and charge-diffusion sectors. For each sector, we derive asymptotic dispersion relations in both the long-wavelength (small-$k$) and short-wavelength (large-$k$) regimes, validating them against exact numerical roots. Our numerical analysis confirms the accuracy of these asymptotic solutions and uncovers a nontrivial angular dependence, especially near special propagation directions where the ordinary momentum expansion becomes less reliable. By evaluating the large-$k$ behavior of the propagating branches alongside the damping properties of non-hydrodynamic modes, we delineate the corresponding causality constraints. We find that the admissible causal domain is governed by the interplay between anisotropic transport coefficients and relaxation times, with the resulting bounds being intrinsically mode-dependent. These findings provide a systematic theoretical foundation for developing stable and causal relativistic magnetohydrodynamics beyond the first-order approximation.

    ↳ physics.flu-dynastro-ph.HEhep-ph0 citations
41. 41*

    Self-gravitating quantum stars with a globally relevant Bohm potential

    Ilidio Lopes🇵🇹

    The microphysics underlying non-baryonic dark matter remains unknown. I derive the two-species Schrödinger-Poisson-Yukawa system for spin-1/2 dark-sector fermion fields, $\psi$ (mass $m_1$) and $\chi$ (mass $m_2$), coupled through a scalar mediator of mass $m_{\varphi }$ via a universal Yukawa coupling, within an orbital-free density-functional framework with the Kirzhnits gradient coefficient ${\lambda }_B=1/9$. A central result is that the Bohm potential, far from being negligible in the Thomas-Fermi regime, contributes a species-dependent surface-energy correction analogous to the nuclear liquid-drop model: the heavier fermion species generates an outward quantum-pressure wall whilst the lighter species provides an inward surface tension, with degeneracy pressure furnishing the bulk confinement. In the single-species Schrödinger-Poisson limit the ground state recovers the benchmarked invariants $M_{\dim }\simeq 3.883$ and $x_T\simeq 2.562$, yielding $M{R}_T\simeq 9.95{\lambda }_B{\hslash }^2/(G{m}_1^2)$. For polytropic index $\gamma =5/3$ the mass-radius relation satisfies $R\propto M^{-1/3}$; for $\gamma =4/3$ a limiting mass emerges above which no stable equilibrium exists. Illustrative configurations span $M=10^{-8}$-$5M_{\odot }$, $m_1\sim 10^{-14}$-$10^{-6}eV$, and radii from a few~km to $\sim 10^3{R}_{\odot }$, with gravitational-wave contact frequencies in the Einstein Telescope and LISA bands and microlensing signatures accessible to current surveys. The predictive rigidity of the resulting mass-radius relation, in which the single microphysical parameter $m_1$ determines the equilibrium radius once the total mass is specified, furnishes a reproducible, first-principles reference for constraining the dark-fermion mass in multi-component dark sectors.

    ↳ hep-thastro-ph.HEhep-phPRD(2026)·1 citation
42. 42*

    A short review on Quintom dark energy theory

    Xin Ren🇨🇳 · Si-Yu Li🇨🇳 · Yang Liu🇨🇳 · Yifu Cai🇨🇳 · Hong Li🇨🇳 · Xinmin Zhang🇨🇳

    In this paper, we provide a short review on the Quintom dark energy theory. Firstly, we discuss the No-Go theorem associated with dynamical dark energy, then present some examples of models in which the equation of state (EoS) evolves with time and can cross $w=-1$ . Secondly, we discuss the bouncing universe and emergent universe with Quintom matter. Finally, we discuss the possibility of studying the nature of dark energy by measuring the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) polarization rotation angle.

    ↳ astro-ph.COgr-qchep-phhep-thRes.Astron.Astrophys.(2026)·6 citations
43. 43*

    Trajectories of Critical Unstable Qubits in and on the Bloch Sphere

    Snehit Panghal🇬🇧 · Apostolos Pilaftsis🇬🇧

    We extend previous studies on a novel class of unstable two-level systems which were called Critical Unstable Qubits (CUQs). In an appropriately defined co-decaying frame, the CUQs exhibit striking phenomena of indefinite anharmonic oscillations between two states and coherence-decoherence oscillations of mixed states. These features are distinct from the usual Rabi oscillations observed in the Hermitian counterpart of two-level systems, which are harmonic and preserve the coherence of the quantum state. We employ the density matrix formalism to study these phenomena for mixed states and delve into the nature of the trajectory traversed by these states in the Bloch sphere by studying the time evolution of the Bloch vector that describes the quantum state of the unstable qubit. In particular, we provide for the first time explicit geometric constructions to obtain trajectories of both pure and mixed CUQs in and on the Bloch sphere. This enables us to identify the stationary points of CUQs, at which the states do not evolve in time in the co-decaying frame. The potential implications of our findings for particle cosmology and quantum simulations of non-Hermitian Hamiltonians are discussed.

    ↳ quant-phhep-phhep-th0 citations
44. 44*

    Quantum dominance of coherent bremsstrahlung in ${}^{124}$Sn + ${}^{124}$Sn scattering at 25 MeV/u

    Sergei P. Maydanyuk (1 and 2)🇨🇳 · Ju-Jun Xie (1, 3 and 4)🇨🇳 · Peng-Ming Zhang (5)🇨🇳 · Li-Ping Zou (6) ((1) Southern Center for Nuclear-Science Theory (SCNT), Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Huizhou 516000, China, (2) Institute for Nuclear Research, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv 03680, Ukraine, (3) Heavy Ion Science and Technology Key Laboratory, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China, (4) School of Nuclear Sciences and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China, (5) School of Physics and Astronomy, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China, (6) Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China)🇨🇳

    We present quantum-mechanical calculations of bremsstrahlung in the ${}^{124}$Sn + ${}^{124}$Sn at 25 MeV/u reproducing the measured photon spectrum over the full energy range. For the first time, we quantitatively determine the incoherent-to-coherent ratio in the photon spectrum. This ratio is extremely small, ranging from $10^{-11}$ to $10^{-4}$, which demonstrates that coherent emission dominates throughout the measured energy range. This behavior is in sharp contrast to proton-nucleus scattering, where incoherent emission dominates because of the leading role of nucleon magnetic moments. This contrast is illustrated by the TAPS Collaboration data for $p{+}^{197}\mathrm{Au}$ collisions at a proton beam energy of 190 MeV, where the corresponding ratio reaches $10^3$-$10^5$. We find that incoherent-to-coherent ratios explain the difference between the two spectra in unified picture: (1) In proton--nucleus scattering, the spectrum contains a pronounced hump, (2) In ${}^{124}$Sn + ${}^{124}$Sn scattering, the spectrum decreases monotonically and has a nearly logarithmic shape. Our results identify a previously unexplored quantum regime of bremsstrahlung emission in nuclear reactions and open a new route for studying coherent effects in heavy-ion collisions.

    ↳ nucl-thhep-phhep-thnucl-ex0 citations
45. 45*

    Color Confinement and Massive Gluon in Superfield Formalism

    Ichiro Oda🇯🇵

    In connection with the question of confinement of massive ghost in quadratic gravity (QG), color confinement in quantum chromodynamics (QCD) has been reconsidered in the superfield formalism. It is shown that when a bound state in the BRST transformation of the gluon field exists, the gluon becomes massive and is confined. It is also shown that the asymptotic field of the gluon field obeys the field equation for not the conventional massive Klein-Gordon field but the massive dipole field. In case of quark confinement, it is shown that the quark field satisfies the massive spinor dipole equation in the confinement phase, which might suggest a physical picture such that a pair of quark and anti-quark constitutes a bound state and is confined into a meson. These facts encourage us to conjecture that the similar phenomenon could take place in confinement of massive ghost, which violates the unitarity of the physical S-matrix, and might provide us with a resolution to the unitarity problem in QG.

    ↳ hep-thgr-qchep-ph1 citation
46. 46*

    COSMOS: A numerical relativity code specialized for PBH formation

    Chul-Moon Yoo🇯🇵 · Hirotada Okawa🇦🇺 · Albert Escrivà🇯🇵 · Tomohiro Harada🇯🇵 · Hayami Iizuka🇯🇵 · Taishi Ikeda🇩🇰 · Yasutaka Koga🇯🇵 · Daiki Saito🇰🇷 · Masaaki Shimada🇯🇵 · Koichiro Uehara🇯🇵

    Primordial black holes (PBHs) are black holes generated in the early universe without having gone through stellar evolution. In the standard formation process, PBHs are formed from super-horizon primordial fluctuations with non-linearly large initial amplitude. In order to simulate the non-linear gravitational dynamics of PBH formation, one has to rely on numerical relativity solvers to approximate the solution of the Einstein equations. COSMOS is a C++ package for solving the Einstein equations in 3+1 dimensions, providing simple tools for the simulation of PBH formation. In order to resolve the collapsing region, non-Cartesian scale-up coordinates and a fixed mesh-refinement procedure are implemented. In COSMOS, a massless scalar field and a perfect fluid with a linear equation of state are implemented as matter fields. To achieve a practically acceptable computational speed, OpenMP is used for the parallelization. COSMOS has no other dependencies, which makes for an easier installation.

    ↳ gr-qcastro-ph.COhep-phhep-thJ.Open Source Softw.(2026)·3 citations
47. 47*

    Radial-flow fluctuations in the geometrical-scaling framework

    Takeshi Osada🇯🇵

    We discuss radial-flow fluctuations using the $p_{\mathrm{T}}$-differential measure \(v_0(p_{\rm T})\), together with its $p_{\mathrm{T}}$-integrated counterpart \(v_0\), within the framework of geometrical scaling (GS), where the saturation momentum scale provides the characteristic scale for particle production. We show that the GS framework leads to results similar to those obtained from the momentum-rescaling model proposed by Jiangyong Jia. In the GS picture, event-by-event spectral fluctuations are governed by fluctuations of the saturation momentum scale; consequently, the single-mode ansatz introduced in Jia's model emerges naturally. We also show that the GS picture suggests a possible connection between transverse-momentum correlations and fluctuations of the emission region, which may be probed through Hanbury Brown and Twiss (HBT) analyses. Using the string percolation model, which is closely related to GS, we estimate the multiplicity dependence of radial-flow fluctuations and propose the scaled quantity $A_0(N_{\Delta y})\equiv v_0^2{N}_{\Delta y}$, with $N_{\Delta y}=(dN/dy)\Delta y$, as a diagnostic observable for testing the role of effective flux-tube fluctuations.

    ↳ nucl-thhep-ph1 citation
48. 48*

    Hypernucleus production in p+Au reactions at the FAIR facility

    Nitikorn Jaingarm🇹🇭 · Pornrad Srisawad🇹🇭 · Christoph Herold🇹🇭 · Ayut Limphirat🇹🇭 · Jan Steinheimer🇩🇪 · Marcus Bleicher🇩🇪

    We explore the production of hypernuclei in p+Au reactions using the UrQMD model accompanied by a standard phase space coalescence model. We focus on the proton beam energy range of $E_{\mathrm{lab}}=5-30$ GeV as this energy range will be investigated by the CBM-experiment at the upcoming FAIR facility. Starting from proton, $\Lambda$, $\Sigma$, $\Xi$ and $\Omega$ production, we predict the yields, rapidity and transverse momentum distributions of ${}_{\Lambda }^{3}H$, ${}_{\Lambda }^{4}H$, $\Xi$N and $\Xi$NN hypernuclei. We conclude that the production rates of novel multi-strange hypernuclei are well within the reach of the CBM-experiment.

    ↳ nucl-thhep-phnucl-ex0 citations
49. 49*

    Decomposition of the axial-vector current in a finite box

    Felix Hermsen🇳🇱 · Matthias F.M. Lutz🇩🇪 · Rob G. E. Timmermans🇳🇱

    We consider the matrix element of the axial-vector current between two nucleon states in a finite box. Starting from the chiral Lagrangian density with nucleon and $\Delta$-isobar degrees of freedom, we study the finite-volume effects at the one-loop level. We show that the standard decomposition into the axial-vector and pseudoscalar form factor is incomplete in a finite box. We derive expressions for the complete set of form factors at one loop. We verify that the axial Ward identity holds in the chiral limit. Selected numerical results are shown for two flavor-SU(2) lattice ensembles. Sizable finite-volume effects are observed, with an important role for the $\Delta$-isobar. We discuss the implications of our results for lattice studies of the axial-vector current. We conclude that full finite-box results are crucial for a precise determination of the form factors.

    ↳ hep-lathep-ph2 citations
50. 50*

    Cumulant dynamics in finite-memory diffusion

    Navid Abbasi🇨🇳 · Xin An🇧🇪 · Shanjin Wu🇨🇳

    Fluctuations of conserved charges are among the main proposed signatures of the quantum chromodynamics (QCD) critical point, but their interpretation requires a dynamical description of how fluctuation correlators evolve during the finite lifetime of the quark--gluon plasma (QGP) fireball. The standard baseline for this evolution is Fickian diffusion, in which the diffusive current follows the local density gradient instantaneously. This instantaneous-current limit can miss delayed-response effects when the current-relaxation time becomes comparable to the relaxation time of the relevant fluctuation modes. In this work we extend this baseline to Maxwell--Cattaneo diffusion, where the current relaxes on a finite time scale and therefore retains memory. We derive closed evolution equations for multi-point Wigner functions and convert the freezeout correlators into acceptance-dependent cumulants along representative trajectories in the QCD phase diagram. While Fickian diffusion already causes the correlators to lag behind their instantaneous equilibrium values, finite current relaxation introduces an additional memory effect beyond this diffusive lag. As a result, current memory can suppress, shift, and reshape the non-monotonic behavior of the cumulants relative to both instantaneous equilibrium and Fickian diffusion, with the most visible effects appearing in higher-order cumulants and their ratios.

    ↳ hep-thcond-mat.stat-mechhep-phnucl-th1 citation
51. 51*

    Dyonic Quark Stars in Quasi-Topological Electromagnetism

    Michael Gammon🇨🇦 · Nicola De Kock🇿🇦 · Robert B. Mann🇨🇦 · Amos Kubeka🇿🇦

    In this paper we consider quark star solutions to Liu et al.'s \cite{Liu_2019} quasi-topological electromagnetism (QTEM), a recently proposed form of dark energy. Since the QTEM contribution is trivial for pure electric/magnetic charge, we consider the dyonic case in pure QTEM which does induce (dark) non-trivial dynamics from the non-linear theory. Besides the introduction of a dyonic charge distribution generally pushing the characteristic quark star `hook' shape to larger masses and radii, it also induces a second branch at very large mass and radius for stars with a small dyonic charge ratio. This second set of solutions have a negative pressure envelope surrounding a positive pressure core. As we explore the parameter space these features interact and evolve in interesting ways, with the two branches eventually merging in $M/R$ space before settling into a characteristic `paperclip' shape as the dyonic charge ratio becomes large.

    ↳ gr-qcastro-ph.HEastro-ph.SRhep-ph0 citations
52. 52*

    JWST's Little Red Dots as collapsed Supermassive Dark Stars

    Cosmin Ilie🇺🇸

    The nature of the ``Little Red Dots'' (LRDs) is one of the most profound mysteries posed by the JWST data. One promising class of models that can reproduce the observed LRDs spectra and morphology are quasi-stars: massive envelopes surrounding accreting black holes formed via the collapse of supermassive stars (SMSs). However, the canonical SMS pathway relies on a highly restricted set of environmental and structural conditions: strong Lyman--Werner (LW) backgrounds to suppress H${}_2$ cooling, high and sustained gas inflow rates to enforce entropy stratified envelopes, and assume non-zero rotational support in order to prevent GR instability collapse before $\sim 10^6{M}_{\odot }$. Here we show that supermassive dark stars (SMDSs), powered by dark matter (DM) annihilation rather than nuclear burning, naturally satisfy the key structural and energetic requirements for quasi-star (QS) formation while relaxing {\it all} of those restrictive conditions listed above. Moreover, quasi-stars formed through the SMDS pathway are born with prompt BH masses ($\gtrsim 10\%$) of the progenitor mass. They therefore enter directly into a late-stage quasi-star regime; subsequently the envelope expands and cools until its photosphere reaches the zero-metallicity opacity limit $(T_{\mathrm{eff}}\sim 3000$-$6000\mathrm{K}$). Those cool, optically thick, unresolved photospheres can reproduce key features of many JWST LRDs.

    ↳ astro-ph.COgr-qchep-ph0 citations
53. 53*

    Mergers Matter: Gravothermal Collapse in Dwarf Halos with Self-Interacting Dark Matter

    Maya Silverman🇺🇸 · Abdelaziz Hussein🇺🇸 · Arpit Arora🇺🇸 · Mariangela Lisanti🇺🇸 · Manoj Kaplinghat🇺🇸 · Lina Necib🇺🇸 · Andreas Thoyas🇺🇸 · Stephanie O'Neil🇺🇸 · Robyn E. Sanderson🇺🇸 · Xuejian Shen🇺🇸 · Jorge Moreno🇺🇸

    Self-Interacting Dark Matter (SIDM) models with large cross sections at relative velocities below $\sim 100{\mathrm{km}\mathrm{s}}^{-1}$ can be tested with dwarf galaxy observations. We analyze six dark-matter-only zoom-in $\sim 10^{10}{\mathrm{M}}_{\odot }$ halos with diverse assembly histories, adopting a cross section over mass of $\sigma /m=70c{m}^2{g}^{-1}$. We find that mergers inject orbital kinetic energy into the halo, altering the heat transport and the gravothermal evolution of the core. Three of the six halos -- those with the most quiescent merger histories -- show clear signs of core collapse in these simulations. Halos with sustained mergers do not collapse. Furthermore, merger-induced heat transport drives two non-collapsing halos to central densities well below the predictions of the gravothermal fluid model. These findings suggest a novel mechanism for producing dark-matter-deficient galaxies and expanding the diversity of rotation curves beyond what halo concentration alone predicts. Merger histories are thus essential for understanding central density distributions of dwarf galaxy halos in SIDM.

    ↳ astro-ph.GAastro-ph.COhep-ph5 citations
54. 54*

    Quantum Simulation of Nucleon-Antinucleon Interaction in Large-$N$ QCD${}_2$ on an IBM Quantum Nighthawk Processor

    Cameron V. Cogburn🇺🇸 · Sebastian Grieninger🇺🇸 · Dmitri E. Kharzeev🇺🇸

    We report a quantum simulation of the nucleon--antinucleon interaction in large-$N$ two-dimensional quantum chromodynamics (QCD${}_2$) on the IBM Quantum Nighthawk processor. In the large-$N$ limit, QCD${}_2$ admits a bosonized description in which baryons emerge as topological solitons (kinks) of an effective mesonic field theory, providing a controlled, nonperturbative framework for baryon--antibaryon dynamics. We formulate the problem by mapping the continuum bosonized Hamiltonian to a spin-chain representation equivalent to an XXZ model with anisotropy set by the QCD parameters. In this mapping, nucleon and antinucleon states correspond to kink and antikink excitations, respectively, while their interaction is encoded in the spin correlations of the chain. Using Jordan--Wigner encoding, we implement the resulting XXZ Hamiltonian on a finite set of qubits and realize it via a variational ground state ansatz and postselected nonunitary disorder operator insertions optimized for the Nighthawk architecture. We then show the kink--antikink interaction potential built from the conditional energies of these nonunitary string operators can be robustly extracted from the quantum hardware due to structured error cancelation. The resulting potential exhibits the expected attractive behavior. The quantum simulation results are benchmarked against exact diagonalization, ideal statevector evaluation showing good agreement. To connect the device result to the continuum field theory, we extract the potential in the continuum limit using large-$L$ matrix product state calculations.

    ↳ quant-phhep-phnucl-th2 citations
55. 55*

    On-Shell Bootstrap of Loop Inflation Correlators with Spectral Dispersion

    Haoyuan Liu🇨🇳 · Zhehan Qin🇨🇳 · Jiayi Wu🇨🇳 · Zhong-Zhi Xianyu🇨🇳 · Hongyu Zhang🇨🇳

    We develop a new bootstrap strategy for cosmological correlators at loop level, which we call spectral dispersion. It is based on two conceptual observations that a correlator can be recovered from its on-shell data, also known as nonlocal signals, by analyticity up to local counterterms, and that the on-shell data for a loop process take the form of a discrete sum over quasinormal modes. Technically, our method combines the dS spectral decomposition with dispersion relations. Using this technique, we bootstrap new results in a simple and intuitive form for 3-point and 4-point correlators with 1-loop massive exchanges of scalar and vector bosons, either directly or derivatively coupled. Applications of this bootstrap technique to higher spins and higher-loop banana graphs with dS covariant dispersions but noncovariant couplings are also straightforward.

    ↳ hep-thastro-ph.COhep-ph3 citations
56. 56*

    Perturbative construction of amplitudes from on-shell trees with vacuum pairs: the all-plus four-gluon amplitude through order ${\mathbf{g}}^6$

    M. Maniatis🇨🇱

    We formulate a fixed-order perturbative on-shell construction of amplitudes. The basic input is the particle spectrum together with the allowed on-shell three-point amplitudes. The construction is formulated in terms of tree amplitudes generated by BCFW recursion, supplemented by additional unobservable state-conjugate on-shell pairs, called vacuum pairs, and integrated over the Lorentz-invariant phase space of these pairs. The relative signs are assigned as inclusion-exclusion signs for repeated phase-space ranges in the on-shell construction. As a test case, we study the color-ordered four-gluon all-plus amplitude through orders $g^4$ and $g^6$, and compare the resulting signed phase-space sums with the standard one- and two-loop contributions. The fixed-order bookkeeping of the tree amplitudes is organized in terms of polygons. At order $g^4$ the construction reproduces the finite rational one-loop result. At order $g^6$ the non-vanishing polygon sectors are the octagon, hexagon-quadrilateral, two-pentagon, and three-quadrilateral sectors. Taken together, they reproduce the known planar, non-planar, and bow-tie expressions.

    ↳ hep-thhep-ph0 citations
57. 57*

    Supersymmetry, Large Extra Dimensions and the Gravitino Conjecture

    Leonardo Bersigotti🇩🇪 · Dieter Lust🇩🇪 · Marco Scalisi🇩🇪

    We investigate whether the absence of experimental signals for supersymmetry and extra dimensions can be understood as a correlated phenomenon. Assuming the Gravitino Conjecture, we study the relation between the gravitino mass and the Kaluza-Klein scale in four-dimensional $\mathcal{N}=1$ supergravity from Type II compactifications with large extra dimensions. We parametrize the scaling of the full internal volume with respect to that of a large $p$-cycle through an anisotropy exponent $\alpha$, and derive the corresponding volume contributions to the Kähler potential. This leads to constraints on the scaling exponent $n$, linking the gravitino mass to the KK scale, and on the effective number $\alpha p$ of large dimensions. We find that the linear relation $n=1$ is compatible only with one or two large extra dimensions, precisely the cases that can still be probed at micron distances. In such scenarios, micron-sized extra dimensions imply a light gravitino and gauge-mediated supersymmetry breaking, whereas gravity mediation corresponds to compactification scales beyond current experimental reach.

    ↳ hep-thhep-ph0 citations

* Reconstructed cohort: no mailing for this day survives in the archive. Papers are grouped by their submission times and arXiv's announcement cut-off, assuming announcement without delay; positions follow identifier order. Validated at ~91% exact-day agreement against the archived era.