Tue·Mar 12, 2024Tuesday·March 12, 2024

1. 01*

   Leptogenesis, primordial gravitational waves, and PBH-induced reheating

   Basabendu Barman🇮🇳 · Suruj Jyoti Das🇰🇷 · Md Riajul Haque🇮🇳 · Yann Mambrini🇫🇷

   We explore the possibility of producing the observed matter-antimatter asymmetry of the Universe uniquely from the evaporation of primordial black holes (PBH) that are formed in an inflaton-dominated background. Considering the inflaton $(\varphi )$ to oscillate in a monomial potential $V(\varphi )\propto {\varphi }^n$, we show, it is possible to obtain the desired baryon asymmetry via vanilla leptogenesis from evaporating PBHs of initial mass $\lesssim 10$ g. We find that the allowed parameter space is heavily dependent on the shape of the inflaton potential during reheating (determined by the exponent of the potential $n$), the energy density of PBHs (determined by $\beta$), and the nature of the coupling between the inflaton and the Standard Model (SM). To complete the minimal gravitational framework, we also include in our analysis the gravitational leptogenesis set-up through inflaton scattering via exchange of graviton, which opens up an even larger window for PBH mass, depending on the background equation of state. We finally illustrate that such gravitational leptogenesis scenarios can be tested with upcoming gravitational wave (GW) detectors, courtesy of the blue-tilted primordial GW with inflationary origin, thus paving a way to probe a PBH-induced reheating together with leptogenesis.

   hep-phastro-ph.COhep-thPRD(2024)·34 citations
2. 02*

   Models of radiative linear seesaw with electrically charged mediators

   A. E. Cárcamo Hernández🇨🇱 · Yocelyne Hidalgo Velásquez🇨🇱 · Sergey Kovalenko🇨🇱 · Nicolás A. Pérez-Julve🇨🇱 · Ivan Schmidt🇨🇱

   We propose two versions of radiative linear seesaw models, where electrically charged scalars and vector-like leptons generate the Dirac neutrino mass submatrix at one and two loop levels. In these models, the SM charged lepton masses are generated from a one loop level radiative seesaw mechanism mediated by charged exotic vector-like leptons and electrically neutral scalars running in the loops. These models can successfully accommodate the current amount of dark matter and baryon asymmetries observed in the Universe, as well as the muon anomalous magnetic moment.

   hep-phPTEP(2024)·5 citations
3. 03*

   Testing effective field theory with the most general neutron decay correlations

   Chien-Yeah Seng🇺🇸

   Built on the seminal works by Jackson-Treiman-Wyld and Ebel-Feldman, we derive the most general free neutron differential decay rate where all massive particles (neutron, proton and electron) are polarized. This introduces 33 new correlations in addition to the 18 existing ones, which over-constrain the coupling constants in the low-energy effective field theory of charged weak interactions, and thus provides stringent tests of the validity of the theory framework itself. We classify the correlation coefficients in terms of their Standard Model limit and discrete symmetries, and study their expansion with respect to the new physics coupling strengths, supplemented by the experiment-independent $\mathcal{O}(\alpha )$ virtual electromagnetic radiative corrections.

   hep-phhep-exnucl-exnucl-thPRD(2024)·2 citations
4. 04*

   Symmetric cumulant $s{c}_{2,4}\left\{4\right\}$ and asymmetric cumulant $a{c}_2\left\{3\right\}$ from transverse momentum conservation and flow

   Jia-Lin Pei🇨🇳 · Guo-Liang Ma🇨🇳 · Adam Bzdak🇵🇱

   Multiparticle cumulants method can be used to reveal long-range collectivity in small and large colliding systems. The four-particle symmetric cumulant $s{c}_{2,4}\left\{4\right\}$, three-particle asymmetric cumulant $a{c}_2\left\{3\right\}$, and the normalized cumulants $ns{c}_{2,4}\left\{4\right\}$ and $na{c}_2\left\{3\right\}$ from the transverse momentum conservation and flow are calculated. The interplay between the two effects is also investigated. Our results are in a good agreement with the recent ATLAS measurements of multiparticle azimuthal correlations with the subevent cumulant method, which provides insight into the origin of collective flow in small systems.

   hep-phnucl-exnucl-thPRC(2024)·5 citations
5. 05*

   Dark matter, CE$\nu$NS and neutrino new physics scrutinized by a statistical method in Xenon-based experiments

   Jian Tang🇨🇳 · Bing-Long Zhang🇨🇳

   Dark matter direct detection experiments are going to touch the neutrino floor with a good chance to measure coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering (CE$\nu$NS) and a probe of neutrino-related new physics ($\nu$NP). In this study, we emphatically investigate the simultaneous presence of dark matter and $\nu$NP revealing a response resembling of Standard Model neutrino backgrounds in Xenon-based dark matter experiments. Demonstrated by three U(1) extension models, we figure out that dark matter signals can be distinguished from an excess or a depletion of neutrino contributions from $\nu$NP by a statistically defined distinction method in nuclear and electronic recoil spectra. We also present the influence of $\nu$NP on the exclusion limits for spin-independent dark matter-nucleon interactions. Our work might pave the way for new physics discrimination in future dark matter experiments.

   hep-phJHEP(2024)·7 citations
6. 06*

   Skewed generalized parton distributions of proton from basis light-front quantization

   Yiping Liu · Siqi Xu · Chandan Mondal · Xingbo Zhao · James P.Vary

   We obtain all the leading-twist quark generalized parton distributions (GPDs) inside the proton at nonzero skewness within the basis light-front quantization framework. We employ the light-front wave functions of the proton from a light-front quantized Hamiltonian in the valence Fock sector consisting of a three-dimensional confinement potential and a one-gluon exchange interaction with fixed coupling. We find that the qualitative behaviors of our GPDs are similar to those of other theoretical calculations. We further examine the GPDs within the boost-invariant longitudinal coordinate, $\sigma =\frac{1}{2}{b}^{-}{P}^{+}$, which is identified as the Fourier conjugate of the skewness. The GPDs in the $\sigma$-space show diffraction patterns, which are akin to the diffractive scattering of a wave in optics.

   hep-phnucl-thPLB(2024)·25 citations
7. 07*

   Shear viscosity and electric conductivity of quark matter at finite temperature and chemical potential with QCD phase transitions

   Wei-be He🇨🇳 · Guo-yun Shao🇨🇳 · Chong-long Xie🇨🇳 · Ren-xin Xu🇨🇳

   In the Beam Energy Scan phase II (BES-II) experiments at RHIC STAR, the quark-gluon plasma (QGP) produced with changing collision energies may probe different regions of the QCD phase diagram. Correspondingly, studying the transport coefficients of quark matter in these regions will contribute to extracting the QCD phase structure through hydrodynamic approaches. We investigate the shear viscosity and electric conductivity within the framework of kinetic theory with the relaxation time approximation, in particular their behaviors near the Mott and first-order phase transitions with a spinodal structure as well as along the isentropic trajectories. To derived the scattering cross-section under different conditions, the temperature and chemical potential dependent masses of quarks, antiquarks and exchanged mesons are calculated in the Polyakov-loop extended Nambu--Jona Lasinio (PNJL) model. The numerical results indicate that, at small chemical potential, the shear viscosity to entropy density ratio ($\eta /s$) has a minimum near the Mott phase transition and increases rapidly in the lower-temperature side of the chiral crossover phase transition. At large chemical potential (high baryon density), $\eta /s$ in the QGP phase is dominated by temperature, and the value of $\eta /s$ is greatly enhanced at low temperatures. At intermediate temperature and chemical potential near the QCD phase transition, the behavior of $\eta /s$ is influenced by the competition between temperature, density, and QCD phase transition. The electirc conductivity ($\sigma /T$) roughly exhibits similar characteristics to $\eta /s$ in the QCD phase diagram, whereas the dimensionless ratio of $\eta /s$ to $\sigma /T$ decreases monotonically with growing temperature, approaching a constant in the high-temperature limit.

   hep-phnucl-thPRD(2026)·2 citations
8. 08*

   DEMPgen: Physics event generator for Deep Exclusive Meson Production at Jefferson Lab and the EIC

   Z. Ahmed🇨🇦 · R.S. Evans🇨🇦 · I. Goel🇺🇸 · G.M. Huber🇨🇦 · S.J.D. Kay🇨🇦 · W.B. Li🇺🇸 · L. Preet🇨🇦 · A. Usman🇨🇦

   There is increasing interest in deep exclusive meson production (DEMP) reactions, as they provide access to Generalized Parton Distributions over a broad kinematic range, and are the only means of measuring pion and kaon charged electric form factors at high $Q^2$. Such investigations are a particularly useful tool in the study of hadronic structure in QCD's transition regime from long-distance interactions described in terms of meson-nucleon degrees of freedom, to short-dist ance interactions governed by hard quark-gluon degrees of freedom. To assist the planning of future experimental investigations of DEMP reactions in this transition regime, such as at Jefferson Lab and the Electron-Ion Collider (EIC), we have written a special purpose event generator, DEMPgen. Several types of DEMP reactions can be generated: $t$-channel $p(e,e^{\prime }{\pi }^{+})n$, $p(e,e^{\prime }{K}^{+})\Lambda [{\Sigma }^0]$, and $\vec{n}(e,e^{\prime }{\pi }^{-})p$ from a polarized ${}^3$He target. DEMPgen is modular in form, so that additional reactions can be added over time. The generator produces kinematically-complete reaction events which are absolutely-normalized, so that projected event rates can be predicted, and detector resolution requirements studied. The event normalization is based on parameterizations of theoretical models, appropriate to the kinematic regime under study. Both fixed target modes and collider beam modes are supported. This paper presents the structure of the generator, the model parameterizations used for absolute event weighting, the kinematic distributions of the generated particles, some initial results using the generator, and instructions for its use.

   hep-phhep-exphysics.comp-phComput.Phys.Commun.(2025)·4 citations
9. 09*

   QCD at 50: Golden Anniversary, Golden Insights, Golden Opportunities

   Frank Wilczek🇸🇪

   The bulk of this paper centers around the tension between confinement and freedom in QCD. I discuss how it can be understood heuristically as a manifestation of self-adhesive glue and how it fits within the larger contexts of energy-time uncertainty and $\text{real virtuality}$. I discuss the possible emergence of $\text{treeons}$ as a tangible ingredient of (at least) pure gluon $SU(3)$. I propose $\text{flux channeling}$ as a method to address that and allied questions about triality flux numerically, and indicate how to implement it for electric and magnetic flux in material systems. That bulk is framed with broad-stroke, necessarily selective sketches of the past and possible future of strong interaction physics. At the end, I've added an expression of gratitude for my formative experience at the Erice school, in 1973.

   hep-phhep-lathep-thphysics.hist-ph1 citation
10. 10*

    Transverse-momentum-dependent gluon distributions of proton within basis light-front quantization

    Hongyao Yu🇨🇳 · Zhi Hu🇯🇵 · Siqi Xu🇨🇳 · Chandan Mondal🇨🇳 · Xingbo Zhao🇨🇳 · James P. Vary🇺🇸

    Gluon transverse-momentum dependent distributions (TMDs) are very important for revealing the internal structure of the proton. They correspond to a variety of experiments and are among the major tasks of the future electron-ion colliders. In this paper, we calculate the T-even gluon TMDs at the leading twist within the Basis Light-front Quantization framework. We employ the light-front wave functions of the proton obtained from a light-front quantized Hamiltonian with Quantum Chromodynamics input determined for its valence Fock sector with three constituent quarks and an additional Fock sector, encompassing three quarks and a dynamical gluon, with a three-dimensional confinement. After obtaining the numerical results we investigate the properties of gluon TMDs by checking whether they satisfy the Mulders-Rodrigues inequalities and investigate the correlations between transverse and longitudinal degrees of freedom. With their connection to unintegrated gluon distributions in mind, we further investigate the limiting behaviours of gluon TMDs in the small-$x$ and large-$x$ regions.

    hep-phnucl-thPLB(2024)·20 citations
11. 11*

    Transverse polarization of Lambda hyperons in hadronic collisions

    Ying Gao🇨🇳 · Kai-Bao Chen🇨🇳 · Yu-Kun Song🇨🇳 · Shu-Yi Wei🇨🇳

    The transverse polarization of $\Lambda$ hyperon within reconstructed jets in hadronic collisions offers a complementary platform to probe the polarized fragmentation function $D_{1T}^{\perp }$. We illustrate that by performing a global analysis of the transverse polarization of $\Lambda$ hyperons produced in different kinematic regions and in different hadronic collisions, such as $pp$, $p\bar{p}$, $pA$, and $\gamma A$ collisions, we can pin down the flavor dependence of $D_{1T}^{\perp }$ which has been poorly constrained. Besides the single inclusive jet production, the $\gamma /Z^0$-boson associated jet production supplements with more capability in removing ambiguities in the flavor dependence of $D_{1T}^{\perp }$.

    hep-phhep-exnucl-thPLB(2024)·4 citations
12. 12*

    Dark Branes for Dark Matter

    Fotis Koutroulis🇵🇱 · Eugenio Megias🇪🇸 · Stefan Pokorski🇵🇱 · Mariano Quiros🇪🇸

    We propose a setup for the origin of dark matter based on spacetime with a warped extra dimension and three branes: the Planck brane, the TeV brane, at a (few) TeV scale ${\rho }_T$, and a dark brane, at a (sub)-GeV scale ${\rho }_1\lesssim 100$ GeV $\ll {\rho }_T$. The Standard Model is localized in the TeV brane, thus solving the Higgs hierarchy problem, while the dark matter $\chi$, a Dirac fermion with mass $m_{\chi }<{\rho }_1$, is localized in the dark brane. The radion, with mass $m_r<m_{\chi }$, interacts strongly ($\sim m_{\chi }/{\rho }_1\sim \mathcal{O}(1)$) with dark matter and very weakly ($\sim m_f{\rho }_1/{\rho }_T^2\ll 1$) with the Standard Model matter $f$. The generic conflict between the bounds on its detection signatures and its proper relic abundance is avoided as dark matter annihilation is $p$-wave suppressed. The former is determined by its very weak interactions with the SM and the latter by its much stronger annihilation into radions. Therefore, there is a vast range in the Dark Matter's parameter space where the correct relic abundance is achieved consistently with the existing bounds. Moreover, for the dark brane with ${\rho }_1\lesssim 3$ GeV, a confinement/deconfinement first order phase transition, where the radion condensates, produces a stochastic gravitational waves background at the nanoHz frequencies, which can be identified with the signal detected by the Pulsar Timing Array (PTA) experiments. In the PTA window, for $0.15\text{ GeV}\lesssim m_{\chi }\lesssim 2$ GeV the relic abundance is reproduced and all constraints are satisfied.

    hep-phastro-ph.HEgr-qcPRD(2024)·9 citations
13. 13*

    Strategy to measure tau $g-2$ via photon fusion in LHC proton collisions

    Lydia Beresford🇩🇪 · Savannah Clawson🇩🇪 · Jesse Liu🇬🇧

    Measuring the tau-lepton ($\tau$) anomalous magnetic moment $a_{\tau }=(g_{\tau }-2)/2$ in photon fusion production ($\gamma \gamma \to \tau \tau$) tests foundational Standard Model principles. However, $\gamma \gamma \to \tau \tau$ eludes observation in LHC proton collisions (pp) despite enhanced new physics sensitivity from higher-mass reach than existing probes. We propose a novel strategy to measure $\text{pp}\to \text{p}(\gamma \gamma \to \tau \tau )\text{p}$ by introducing the overlooked electron-muon signature with vertex isolation for signal extraction. Applying the effective field theory of dipole moments, we estimate 95% CL sensitivity of $-0.0092<a_{\tau }<0.011$ assuming 300 fb${}^{-1}$ luminosity and 5% systematics. This fourfold improvement beyond existing constraints opens a crucial path to unveiling new physics imprinted in tau-lepton dipoles.

    hep-phPRD(2024)·19 citations
14. 14*

    The Phenomenology of Sphaleron in Modified Mirror Model

    Apriadi Salim Adam🇮🇩 · Firdaus🇮🇩 · Mirza Satriawan🇮🇩

    We investigate sphaleron solutions of the field equations in the modified mirror model. This model is based on SU(3)${}_1$ $\otimes$ SU(3)${}_2$ $\otimes$ SU(2)${}_L$ $\otimes$ SU(2)${}_R$ $\otimes$ U(1)${}_Y$ $\otimes$ U(1)${}_X$ gauge group. Different from the usual Weinberg-Salam theory, we will have two types of fields, the ordinary (standard model) and its mirror partners. In this paper, we will focus only on the case when the doublet scalar of the mirror sector has a very large vacuum expectation value (VEV) compared to the VEV of the SM Higgs. We study two scenarios related to the sphaleron solutions in this model, depending on the value of the coupling $\alpha$. For the case of $\alpha =0$, each sector has its sphaleron and the sphaleron energy depends on the VEV of scalars for each sector. In the case $\alpha \ne 0$, we find that the sphaleron energy in the SM sector can be either increased or decreased depending on the relative sign of the coupling $\alpha$.

    hep-phhep-thAIP Conf.Proc.(2023)·0 citations
15. 15*

    The role of the short-distance interaction in $e^{+}{e}^{-}\to \gamma X(3872)$

    Ming-Xiao Duan🇨🇳

    In this study, we analyze the cross-section data from the $e^{+}{e}^{-}\to \gamma J/\psi \omega$ process to explore both short-distance and long-distance interactions for the radiative transition $Y(4200)\to \gamma X(3872)$. We investigate the short-distance effects through the E1 transition among the $c\bar{c}$ components, and the long-distance effects via hadronic loop diagrams. Our numerical analysis reveals that short-distance interactions play a significantly larger role in the radiative transition than that of the long-distance interactions. This finding underscores the importance of the compact $c\bar{c}$ components in both the initial and final states for accurately understanding the cross-section $\sigma [e^{+}{e}^{-}\to \gamma J/\psi \omega ]$. Furthermore, with the help of relative branch ratio $\mathcal{R}$ we estimate the $\Gamma [Y(4200)\to \gamma X(3872)]$ implied in the the experimental study. Finally, we also discuss the possible existence of $\psi (4040)$ signal within the cross-section data.

    hep-phPRD(2024)·6 citations
16. 16*

    Nonleptonic three-body charmed baryon weak decays with H(15)

    Chao-Qiang Geng🇨🇳 · Chia-Wei Liu🇨🇳 · Sheng-Lin Liu🇨🇳

    We study the nonleptonic three-body charmed baryon weak decays of ${\mathbf{B}}_c\to {\mathbf{B}}_{n}P{P}^{\prime }$ under the $SU(3{)}_F$ flavor symmetry, where ${\mathbf{B}}_c$ denotes the anti-triplet charmed baryon, comprising $({\Xi }_c^0,-{\Xi }_c^{+},{\Lambda }_c^{+})$, and ${\mathbf{B}}_n$ and $P(P^{\prime })$ represent octet baryon and pseudoscalar meson states, respectively. In addition to 12 parameters from the contributions of the color-antisymmetric part of the effective Hamiltonian, denoted as $H(\bar{6})$, there are 4 parameters from the color-symmetric one, $H(15)$, which were not included in the previous study. With 16 parameters in total and 28 experimental data points, we obtain the minimal ${\chi }^2$ over degree of freedom of ${\chi }^2/d.o.f=1.5$, which is a great improvement comparing to that without $H(15)$. With the better fitting values, we evaluate the branching ratios and up-down asymmetries of ${\mathbf{B}}_c\to {\mathbf{B}}_{n}P{P}^{\prime }$, which present some interesting results such as $\mathcal{B}({\Lambda }_c^{+}\to (\Xi (1690{)}^0\to {\Sigma }^{+}{K}^{-})K^{+})\equiv (1.5\pm 0.4)\times 10^{-3}$ and potential $SU(3)$ breaking effects in ${\Xi }_c^{+}\to p{\pi }^{+}{K}^{-}$ and ${\Lambda }_c^{+}\to {\Sigma }^{+}{\pi }^{-}{K}^{+}$ to be verified by the experiments at BESIII, Belle-II and LHCb.

    hep-phhep-exPRD(2024)·15 citations
17. 17*

    Distinguishing Dirac from Majorana Heavy Neutrino at Future Lepton Colliders

    Qing-Hong Cao🇨🇳 · Kun Cheng🇨🇳 · Yandong Liu🇨🇳

    We propose to identify whether a sterile neutrino is Dirac-type or Majorana-type by counting the peak of the rapidity distribution at lepton colliders. Our method requires only one charged-lepton tagging, and the nature of sterile neutrinos can be pinned down once they are confirmed.

    hep-phPRL(2025)·16 citations
18. 18*

    Dark matter scattering off ${}^2$H and ${}^4$He nuclei within chiral effective field theory

    E. Filandri🇮🇹 · M. Viviani🇮🇹

    We study dark matter, assumed to be composed by weak interacting massive particles (WIMPs), scattering off ${}^2$H and ${}^4$He nuclei. In order to parameterize the WIMP-nucleon interaction the chiral effective field theory approach is used. Considering only interactions invariant under parity, charge conjugation and time reversal, we examine five interaction types: scalar, pseudoscalar, vector, axial and tensor. Scattering amplitudes between two nucleons and a WIMP are determined up to second order of chiral perturbation theory. We apply this program to calculate the interaction rate as function of the WIMP mass and of the magnitude of the WIMP-quark coupling constants. From our study, we conclude that the scalar nuclear response functions result much greater than the others due to theirs large combination of low energy constants. We verify that the leading order contributions are dominant in this low energy processes. We also provide an estimate for the background due to atmospheric neutrinos.

    hep-phhep-thnucl-thPRC(2024)·1 citation
19. 19*

    Energy loss of a heavy fermion in a collisional QED plasma

    Yun Guo🇨🇳 · Luhua Qiu🇨🇳 · Ruizhe Zhao🇨🇳 · Michael Strickland🇺🇸

    We compute the energy loss of heavy fermions moving in a plasma, taking into account the modification of the photon collective modes induced by collisions using a Bhatnagar-Gross-Krook collisional kernel. We include contributions from both hard and soft scatterings of the heavy fermion using a collisionally modified hard-thermal-loop resummed propagator. Using this method, one does not need to introduce a separation scale between hard- and soft-momentum exchanges. To place our calculation in context, we review other theoretical approaches to computing the collisional energy loss of fermions and discuss the systematics and results obtained in each approach compared to using a resummed propagator for both hard and soft momentum exchanges. Our final results indicate that self-consistently including the effect of collisions in the self-energies of the resummed propagator results in an increased energy loss compared to using collisionless hard-thermal-loop propagators. The effect becomes larger as the magnitude of the coupling constant and the velocity of the fermion increase.

    hep-phnucl-thPRD(2024)·8 citations
20. 20*

    Estimates on the convergence of expansions at finite baryon chemical potentials

    Rui Wen🇨🇳 · Shi Yin🇩🇪 · Wei-jie Fu🇨🇳

    Convergence of three different expansion schemes at finite baryon chemical potentials, including the conventional Taylor expansion, the Padé approximants, and the $T^{\prime }$ expansion proposed recently in lattice QCD simulations, have been investigated in a low energy effective theory within the fRG approach. It is found that the $T^{\prime }$ expansion or the Padé approximants would hardly improve the convergence of expansion in comparison to the conventional Taylor expansion, within the expansion orders considered in this work. Furthermore, we find that the consistent regions of the three different expansions are in agreement with the convergence radius of the Lee-Yang edge singularities.

    hep-phPRD(2024)·6 citations
21. 21*

    NLO+NLL' accurate predictions for three-jet event shapes in hadronic Higgs decays

    Aude Gehrmann-De Ridder🇨🇭 · Christian T Preuss🇩🇪 · Daniel Reichelt🇬🇧 · Steffen Schumann🇩🇪

    We present resummed predictions at next-to-leading logarithmic accuracy matched to the exact next-to-leading order results for a set of classical event-shape observables in hadronic Higgs decays, i.e., for the channels $H\to gg$ and $H\to b\bar{b}$. We furthermore consider soft-drop grooming of the hadronic final states and derive corresponding $\text{NLO}+{\text{NLL}}^{\prime }$ predictions for the groomed thrust observable. Differences in the QCD radiation pattern of gluon- and quark-initiated final states are imprinted in the event-shape distributions, offering separation power for the two decay channels. In particular, we show that ungroomed event shapes in $H\to gg$ decays develop a considerably harder spectrum than in $H\to b\bar{b}$ decays. We highlight that soft-drop grooming can substantially alter this behaviour, unless rather inclusive grooming parameters are chosen.

    hep-phhep-exJHEP(2024)·18 citations
22. 22*

    Gluon Double-Spin Asymmetry in the Longitudinally Polarized $p+p$ Collisions

    Yuri V. Kovchegov🇺🇸 · Ming Li🇺🇸

    We derive the first-ever small-$x$ expression for the inclusive gluon production cross section in the central rapidity region of the longitudinally polarized proton-proton collisions. The cross section depends on the polarizations of both protons, therefore comprising the numerator of the longitudinal double-spin asymmetry $A_{LL}$ for the produced gluons. The cross section is calculated in the shock wave formalism and is expressed in terms of the polarized dipole scattering amplitudes on the projectile and target protons. We show that the small-$x$ evolution corrections are included into our cross section expression if one evolves these polarized dipole amplitudes using the double-logarithmic helicity evolution derived in \cite{Kovchegov:2015pbl, Kovchegov:2016zex, Kovchegov:2018znm, Cougoulic:2022gbk}. Our calculation is performed for the gluon sector only, with the quark contribution left for future work. When that work is complete, the resulting formula will be applicable to longitudinally polarized proton-proton and proton-nucleus collisions, as well as to polarized semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering (SIDIS) on a proton or a nucleus. Our results should allow one to extend the small-$x$ helicity phenomenology analysis of \cite{Adamiak:2023yhz} to the jet/hadron production data reported for the longitudinally polarized proton-proton collisions at RHIC and to polarized SIDIS measurements at central rapidities to be performed at the EIC.

    hep-phhep-exnucl-exnucl-thJHEP(2024)·19 citations
23. 23*

    Dark Matter-induced electron excitations in silicon and germanium with Deep Learning

    Riccardo Catena🇸🇪 · Einar Urdshals🇸🇪

    We train a deep neural network (DNN) to output rates of dark matter (DM) induced electron excitations in silicon and germanium detectors. Our DNN provides a massive speedup of around $5$ orders of magnitude relative to existing methods (i.e. QEdark-EFT), allowing for extensive parameter scans in the event of an observed DM signal. The network is also lighter and simpler to use than alternative computational frameworks based on a direct calculation of the DM-induced excitation rate. The DNN can be downloaded $\text{href}$.

    hep-phastro-ph.COPRD(2025)·1 citation
24. 24*

    Re-Simulation-based Self-Supervised Learning for Pre-Training Foundation Models

    Philip Harris🇺🇸 · Michael Kagan🇺🇸 · Jeffrey Krupa🇺🇸 · Benedikt Maier🇬🇧 · Nathaniel Woodward🇺🇸

    Self-Supervised Learning (SSL) is at the core of training modern large machine learning models, providing a scheme for learning powerful representations that can be used in a variety of downstream tasks. However, SSL strategies must be adapted to the type of training data and downstream tasks required. We propose RS3L ("Re-simulation-based self-supervised representation learning"), a novel simulation-based SSL strategy that employs a method of re-simulation to drive data augmentation for contrastive learning in the physical sciences, particularly, in fields that rely on stochastic simulators. By intervening in the middle of the simulation process and re-running simulation components downstream of the intervention, we generate multiple realizations of an event, thus producing a set of augmentations covering all physics-driven variations available in the simulator. Using experiments from high-energy physics, we explore how this strategy may enable the development of a foundation model; we show how RS3L pre-training enables powerful performance in downstream tasks such as discrimination of a variety of objects and uncertainty mitigation. In addition to our results, we make the RS3L dataset publicly available for further studies on how to improve SSL strategies.

    hep-phcs.LGhep-exPRD(2025)·46 citations
25. 25*

    Propagation speeds of relativistic conformal fluids from a generalized relaxation time approximation

    Esteban Calzetta🇦🇷 · Alejandra Kandus🇧🇷

    We compute the propagation speeds for a conformal real relativistic fluid. We begin from a kinetic equation in the relaxation time approximation, where the relaxation time is an arbitrary function of the particle energy in the Landau frame. We propose a parameterization of the one particle distribution function designed to contain a second order Chapman-Enskog solution as a particular case. We derive the hydrodynamic equations applying the moments method to this parameterized one particle distribution function, and solve for the propagation speeds of linearized scalar, vector and tensor perturbations. For relaxation times of the form $\tau ={\tau }_0(-{\beta }_{\mu }{p}^{\mu }{)}^{-a}$, with $-\infty <a<2$, where ${\beta }_{\mu }=u_{\mu }/T$ is the temperature vector in the Landau frame, we show that the Anderson-Witting prescription $a=1$ yields the fastest speeds.

    ↳ hep-thhep-phEntropy(2024)·3 citations
26. 26*

    Muon Capture on ${}^6$Li, ${}^{12}$C, and ${}^{16}$O from $AbInitio$ Nuclear Theory

    Lotta Jokiniemi🇨🇦 · Petr Navratil🇨🇦 · Jenni Kotila🇫🇮 · Kostas Kravvaris🇺🇸

    Muon capture on nuclei is one of the most promising probes of the nuclear electroweak current driving the yet-hypothetical neutrinoless double-beta ($0\nu \beta \beta$) decay. Both processes involve vector and axial-vector currents at finite momentum transfer, $q\sim 100$ MeV, as well as the induced pseudoscalar and weak-magnetism currents. Comparing measured muon-capture rates with reliable $abinitio$ nuclear-theory predictions could help us validate these currents. To this end, we compute partial muon-capture rates for ${}^6$Li, ${}^{12}$C and ${}^{16}$O, feeding the ground and excited states in ${}^6$He, ${}^{12}$B and ${}^{16}$N, using $abinitio$ no-core shell model with two- and three-nucleon chiral interactions. We remove the spurious center-of-mass motion by introducing translationally invariant operators and approximate the effect of hadronic two-body currents by Fermi-gas model. We solve the bound-muon wave function from the Dirac wave equations in the Coulomb field created by a finite nucleus. We find that the computed rates to the low-lying states in the final nuclei are in good agreement with the measured counterparts. We highlight sensitivity of some of the transitions to the sub-leading three-nucleon interaction terms. We also compare summed rates to several tens of final states with the measured total capture rates and note that we slightly underestimate the total rate with this simple approach due to limited range of excitation energies.

    ↳ nucl-thhep-exhep-phnucl-exPRC(2024)·17 citations
27. 27*

    Accessing the speed of sound in relativistic ultracentral nucleus-nucleus collisions using the mean transverse momentum

    Fernando G. Gardim🇧🇷 · Andre V. Giannini🇧🇷 · Jean-Yves Ollitrault🇫🇷

    It has been argued that the speed of sound of the strong interaction at high temperature can be measured using the variation of the mean transverse momentum with the particle multiplicity in ultracentral heavy-ion collisions. We test this correspondence by running hydrodynamic simulations at zero impact parameter with several equations of state, at several colliding energies from 0.2 TeV to 15 TeV per nucleon pair. The correspondence is found to be precise and robust for a smooth, boost-invariant fluid and an ideal detector. We discuss the differences between this ideal setup and an actual experiment. We conclude that the extraction of the speed of sound from data is reliable, and that the main uncertainty comes from our poor knowledge of the distribution of density fluctuations at the early stages of the collision.

    ↳ nucl-thhep-phnucl-exPLB(2024)·21 citations
28. 28*

    Observing neutrinos from failed Supernovae at LNGS

    Giulia Pagliaroli🇮🇹 · Christoph A. Ternes🇮🇹

    We discuss the possibility to observe neutrinos emitted from a failed core collapse Supernova in the various experiments at Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso. We show that the veto regions of dark matter and neutrinoless double beta decay experiments can be used as a network of small detectors to measure Supernova neutrinos. In addition we show that this network can measure very precisely the moment of black hole formation, which can be then used in the nearby VIRGO detector and future Einstein Telescope to look for the gravitational wave counterpart to the neutrino signal.

    ↳ astro-ph.HEhep-exhep-phphysics.ins-detJCAP(2024)·2 citations
29. 29*

    From S-matrix theory to strings: Scattering data and the commitment to non-arbitrariness

    Robert van Leeuwen🇳🇱

    The early history of string theory is marked by a shift from strong interaction physics to quantum gravity. The first string models and associated theoretical framework were formulated in the late 1960s and early 1970s in the context of the S-matrix program for the strong interactions. In the mid-1970s, the models were reinterpreted as a potential theory unifying the four fundamental forces. This paper provides a historical analysis of how string theory was developed out of S-matrix physics, aiming to clarify how modern string theory, as a theory detached from experimental data, grew out of an S-matrix program that was strongly dependent upon observable quantities. Surprisingly, the theoretical practice of physicists already turned away from experiment before string theory was recast as a potential unified quantum gravity theory. With the formulation of dual resonance models (the "hadronic string theory"), physicists were able to determine almost all of the models' parameters on the basis of theoretical reasoning. It was this commitment to "non-arbitrariness", i.e., a lack of free parameters in the theory, that initially drove string theorists away from experimental input, and not the practical inaccessibility of experimental data in the context of quantum gravity physics. This is an important observation when assessing the role of experimental data in string theory.

    ↳ physics.hist-phgr-qchep-phhep-thStud.Hist.Phil.Sci.(2024)·3 citations
30. 30*

    Injection spectra of different species of cosmic rays from AMS-02, ACE-CRIS and Voyager-1

    Xu Pan🇨🇳 · Qiang Yuan🇨🇳

    Precise measurements of energy spectra of different cosmic ray species were obtained in recent years, by particularly the AMS-02 experiment on the International Space Station. It has been shown that apparent differences exist in different groups of the primary cosmic rays. However, it is not straightforward to conclude that the source spectra of different particle groups are different since they will experience different propagation processes (e.g., energy losses and fragmentations) either. In this work, we study the injection spectra of different nuclear species using the measurements from Voyager-1 outside the solar system, and ACR-CRIS and AMS-02 on top of atmosphere, in a physical framework of cosmic ray transportation. Two types of injection spectra are assumed, the broken power-law and the non-parametric spline interpolation form. The non-parametric form fits the data better than the broken power-law form, implying that potential structures beyond the constrained spectral shape of broken power-law may exist. For different nuclei the injection spectra are overall similar in shape but do show some differences among each other. For the non-parametric spectral form, the helium injection spectrum is the softest at low energies and the hardest at high energies. For both spectral shapes, the low-energy injection spectrum of neon is the hardest among all these species, and the carbon and oxygen spectra have more prominent bumps in 1-10 GV in the R2dN/dR presentation. Such differences suggest the existence of differences in the sources or acceleration processes of various nuclei of cosmic rays.

    ↳ astro-ph.HEhep-phRes.Astron.Astrophys.(2023)·7 citations
31. 31*

    A dark-field setup for the measurement of light-by-light scattering with high-intensity lasers

    Fabian Schütze🇩🇪 · Leonard Doyle🇩🇪 · Jörg Schreiber🇩🇪 · Matt Zepf🇩🇪 · Felix Karbstein🇩🇪

    We put forward a concrete experimental setup allowing to measure light-by-light scattering in the collision of two optical high-intensity laser beams at state-of-the-art high-field facilities operating petawatt class laser systems. Our setup uses the same focusing optics for both laser beams to be collided and employs a dark-field approach for the detection of the single-photon-level nonlinear quantum vacuum response in the presence of a large background. Based on an advanced modeling of the colliding laser fields, we in particular provide reliable estimates for the prospective numbers of signal photons scattered into the dark-field for various laser polarizations.

    ↳ physics.opticshep-phquant-phPRD(2024)·8 citations
32. 32*

    Topological solitons stabilized by a background gauge field and soliton-anti-soliton asymmetry

    Yuki Amari🇯🇵 · Minoru Eto🇯🇵 · Muneto Nitta🇯🇵

    We study topological lumps supported by the second homotopy group ${\pi }_2(S^2)\simeq \mathbb{Z}$ in a gauged $O(3)$ model without any potential term coupled with a (non)dynamical $U(1)$ gauge field. It is known that gauged-lumps are stable with an easy-plane potential term but are unstable to expand if the model has no potential term. In this paper, we find that these gauged lumps without a potential term can be made stable by putting them in a uniform magnetic field, irrespective of whether the gauge field is dynamical or not. In the case of the non-dynamical gauge field, only either of lumps or anti-lumps stably exists depending on the sign of the background magnetic field, and the other is unstable to shrink to be singular. We also construct coaxial multiple lumps whose size and mass exhibit a behaviour of droplets. In the case of the dynamical gauge field, both the lumps and anti-lumps stably exist with different masses; the lighter (heavier) one corresponds to the (un)stable one in the case of the nondynamical gauge field. We find that a lump behaves as a superconducting ring and traps magnetic field in its inside, with the total magnetic field reduced from the background magnetic field.

    ↳ hep-thcond-mat.supr-conhep-phJHEP(2024)·10 citations
33. 33*

    Bjorken and threshold asymptotics of a space-like structure function in the 2D $U(N)$ Gross-Neveu model

    Yizhuang Liu🇵🇱

    In this work, we investigate a coordinate space structure function $\mathcal{E}(z^2{m}^2,\lambda )$ in the 2D $U(N)$ Gross-Neveu model to the next-to-leading order in the large-$N$ expansion. We analytically perform the twist expansion in the Bjorken limit through double Mellin representations. Hard and non-perturbative scaling functions are naturally generated in their Borel representations with detailed enumerations and explicit expressions provided to all powers. The renormalon cancellation at $t=n$ between the hard functions at powers $p$ and the non-perturbative functions at powers $p+n$ are explicitly verified, and the issue of ``scale-dependency'' of the perturbative and non-perturbative functions is explained naturally. Simple expressions for the leading power non-perturbative functions are also provided both in the coordinate space and the momentum-fraction space ($0<\alpha <1$) with ``zero-mode-type'' subtractions at $\alpha =0$ discussed in detail. In addition to the Bjorken limit, we also perform the threshold expansion of the structure function up to the next-to-next-to-leading threshold power exactly and investigate the resurgence relation between threshold and ``Regge'' asymptotics. We also prove that the twist expansion is absolutely convergent for any $0<z^2<\infty$ and any $\lambda \in i{R}_{\ge 0}$.

    ↳ hep-thhep-phJHEP(2024)·4 citations
34. 34*

    Kantowski-Sachs and Bianchi III dynamics in $f\left(Q\right)$-gravity

    Alfredo D. Millano🇨🇱 · K. Dialektopoulos🇷🇴 · N. Dimakis🇨🇱 · A. Giacomini🇨🇱 · H. Shababi🇨🇳 · Amlan Halder🇮🇳 · A. Paliathanasis🇿🇦

    We explore the phase-space of homogeneous and anisotropic spacetimes within symmetric teleparallel $f(Q)$-gravity. Specifically, we consider the Kantowski-Sachs and locally rotational Bianchi III geometries to describe the physical space. By analyzing the phase-space, we reconstruct the cosmological history dictated by $f(Q)$-gravity and comment about the theory's viability. Our findings suggest that the free parameters of the connection must be constrained to eliminate nonlinear terms in the field equations. Consequently, new stationary points emerge, rendering the theory cosmologically viable. We identify the existence of anisotropic accelerated universes, which may correspond to the pre-inflationary epoch.

    ↳ gr-qchep-phmath-phmath.MPPRD(2024)·16 citations
35. 35*

    Cosmological Amplitudes in Power-Law FRW Universe

    Bingchu Fan🇨🇳 · Zhong-Zhi Xianyu🇨🇳

    The correlators of large-scale fluctuations belong to the most important observables in modern cosmology. Recently, there have been considerable efforts in analytically understanding the cosmological correlators and the related wavefunction coefficients, which we collectively call cosmological amplitudes. In this work, we provide a set of simple rules to directly write down analytical answers for arbitrary tree-level amplitudes of conformal scalars with time-dependent interactions in power-law FRW universe. With the recently proposed family-tree decomposition method, we identify an over-complete set of multivariate hypergeometric functions, called family trees, to which all tree-level conformal scalar amplitudes can be easily reduced. Our method yields series expansions and monodromies of family trees in various kinematic limits, together with a large number of functional identities. The family trees are in a sense generalizations of polylogarithms and do reduce to polylogarithmic expressions for the cubic coupling in inflationary limit. We further show that all family trees can be decomposed into linear chains by taking shuffle products of all subfamilies, with which we find simple connection between bulk time integrals and boundary energy integrals.

    ↳ hep-thastro-ph.COhep-phJHEP(2024)·44 citations
36. 36*

    Simulating Meson Scattering on Spin Quantum Simulators

    Elizabeth R. Bennewitz🇺🇸 · Brayden Ware🇺🇸 · Alexander Schuckert🇺🇸 · Alessio Lerose🇬🇧 · Federica M. Surace🇺🇸 · Ron Belyansky🇺🇸 · William Morong🇺🇸 · De Luo🇺🇸 · Arinjoy De🇺🇸 · Kate S. Collins🇺🇸 · Or Katz🇺🇸 · Christopher Monroe🇺🇸 · Zohreh Davoudi🇺🇸 · Alexey V. Gorshkov🇺🇸

    Studying high-energy collisions of composite particles, such as hadrons and nuclei, is an outstanding goal for quantum simulators. However, preparation of hadronic wave packets has posed a significant challenge, due to the complexity of hadrons and the precise structure of wave packets. This has limited demonstrations of hadron scattering on quantum simulators to date. Observations of confinement and composite excitations in quantum spin systems have opened up the possibility to explore scattering dynamics in spin models. In this article, we develop two methods to create entangled spin states corresponding to wave packets of composite particles in analog quantum simulators of Ising spin Hamiltonians. One wave-packet preparation method uses the blockade effect enabled by beyond-nearest-neighbor Ising spin interactions. The other method utilizes a quantum-bus-mediated exchange, such as the native spin-phonon coupling in trapped-ion arrays. With a focus on trapped-ion simulators, we numerically benchmark both methods and show that high-fidelity wave packets can be achieved in near-term experiments. We numerically study scattering of wave packets for experimentally realizable parameters in the Ising model and find inelastic-scattering regimes, corresponding to particle production in the scattering event, with prominent and distinct experimental signals. Our proposal, therefore, demonstrates the potential of observing inelastic scattering in near-term quantum simulators.

    ↳ quant-phcond-mat.quant-gashep-phnucl-thQuantum(2025)·43 citations
37. 37*

    Probing Lorentz Invariance Violation with Absorption of Astrophysical Gamma-rays by Solar Photons

    Justin D. Finke🇺🇸 · Parshad Patel🇺🇸

    We compute in detail the absorption optical depth for astrophysical $\gamma$-ray photons interacting with solar photons to produce electron positron pairs. This effect is greatest for $\gamma$-ray sources at small angular distances from the Sun, reaching optical depths as high as ${\tau }_{\gamma \gamma }\sim 10^{-2}$. We also calculate this effect including modifications to the absorption cross section threshold from subluminal Lorentz invariance violation (LIV). We show for the first time that subluminal LIV can lead to increases or decreases in ${\tau }_{\gamma \gamma }$ compared to the non-LIV case. We show that, at least in principle, LIV can be probed with this effect with observations of $\gamma$-ray sources near the Sun at $\gtrsim 20$ TeV by HAWC or LHAASO, although a measurement will be extremely difficult due to the small size of the effect.

    ↳ astro-ph.HEastro-ph.SRhep-phApJ(2024)·6 citations
38. 38*

    On classical de Sitter solutions and parametric control

    David Andriot🇫🇷 · Fabian Ruehle🇺🇸

    Finding string backgrounds with de Sitter spacetime, where all approximations and corrections are controlled, is an open problem. We revisit the search for de Sitter solutions in the classical regime for specific type IIB supergravity compactifications on group manifolds, an under-explored corner of the landscape that offers an interesting testing ground for swampland conjectures. While the supergravity de Sitter solutions we obtain numerically are ambiguous in terms of their classicality, we find an analytic scaling that makes four out of six compactification radii, as well as the overall volume, arbitrarily large. This potentially provides parametric control over corrections. If we could show that these solutions, or others to be found, are fully classical, they would constitute a counterexample to conjectures stating that asymptotic de Sitter solutions do not exist. We discuss this point in great detail.

    ↳ hep-thgr-qchep-phJHEP(2024)·14 citations
39. 39*

    The Wilson-Fisher Fixed point revisited: importance of the form of the cutoff

    Garry Goldstein🇮🇱

    In this work we re-examine the Wilson Fisher fixed point. We study Wilsonian momentum space renormalization group (RG) flow for various forms of the cutoff. We show that already at order ${\left(4-d\right)}^1$, where $d$ is the dimension of the ${\varphi }^4$ theory, there are changes to the position of the fixed point and the direction of irrelevant coupling parameters. We also show in a multi-flavor ${\varphi }^4$ model that symmetries of the Lagrange function can be destroyed if the different flavors have different cutoffs (that is the Lagrangian can flow to a non-symmetric fixed point). Some related comments are made about a similar situation in parquet RG (pRG). In future works we will study Wilsonian RG to order ${\left(4-d\right)}^2$ and find non-universal critical exponents that depend on the cutoff.

    ↳ cond-mat.stat-mechcond-mat.str-elhep-lathep-ph+11 citation

* Reconstructed cohort: no mailing for this day survives in the archive. Papers are grouped by their submission times and arXiv's announcement cut-off, assuming announcement without delay; positions follow identifier order. Validated at ~91% exact-day agreement against the archived era.