Mon·Dec 4, 2023Monday·December 4, 2023

1. 01*

   Towards UV-Models of Kinetic Mixing and Portal Matter V: Indirect Probes of the New Physics Scale

   Thomas G. Rizzo🇺🇸

   Kinetic mixing of the dark photon, the gauge boson of a hidden $U(1{)}_D$, with the Standard Model (SM) gauge fields to induce an interaction between ordinary matter and dark matter (DM) at 1-loop requires the existence of portal matter (PM) fields having both dark and SM charges. As discussed in earlier work, these same PM fields can also lead to other loop-level mechanisms besides kinetic mixing that can generate significant interactions between SM fermions and the dark photon in a manner analogous to those that can be generated between a Dirac neutrino and a SM photon, \ie, dark moments. In either case, there are reasons to believe, \eg, due to the RGE running of the $U(1{)}_D$ gauge coupling, that PM fields may have $\sim$ TeV-scale masses that lie at or above those directly accessible to the HL-LHC. If they lie above the reach of the HL-LHC, then the only way to possibly explore the physics at this high scale in the short term is via indirect measurements made at lower energies, \eg, at lepton colliders operating in the $m_Z$ to 1 TeV range. In particular, processes such as $e^{+}{e}^{-}\to \gamma +$DM or $e^{+}{e}^{-}\to \bar{f}f$, where $f$ is a SM fermion, may be most useful in this regard. Here we explore these possibilities within the framework of a simple toy PM model, introduced in earlier work, based on a non-abelian dark gauge group completion operating at the PM scale. In the KM setup, we show these efforts fail due to the inherently tiny cross sections in the face of substantial SM backgrounds. However, in the case of interactions via induced dark moments, since they necessarily take the form of higher dimensional operators whose influence grows with energy, we show that access to PM-scale information may become possible for certain ranges of the toy model parameters for both of these $e^{+}{e}^{-}$ processes at a 1 TeV collider.

   hep-phPRD(2024)·8 citations
2. 02*

   Spherically symmetric anisotropic strange stars

   Luiz L. Lopes🇧🇷 · H. C. Das🇮🇹

   In this work, we made an extensive study about the possible presence of anisotropies in strange stars. To accomplish this task, we use three different configurations for the strange matter: the unpaired matter, a two-flavor super-conducting (2SC) strange matter, and a fully three-flavor super-conducting strange matter (CFL). For each configuration, we calculate the relevant quantities for the strange stars, such as the mass-radius relation, the dimensionless tidal parameter, the moment of inertia, and the surface curvature for different degrees of anisotropies. Whenever possible, we compare our results with constraints found in the literature, especially focusing on the existence of very massive pulsars (PSR J0952-0607), as well as very light compact objects (HESS J1731-347).

   hep-phastro-ph.HEnucl-thEPJC(2024)·9 citations
3. 03*

   TMD gluon density in nuclei versus experimental data on heavy flavor production at LHC

   A.V. Lipatov🇷🇺 · M.A. Malyshev🇷🇺 · A.V. Kotikov🇷🇺 · X. Chen🇨🇳

   Analytical expressions for the Transverse Momentum Dependent (TMD, or unintegrated) gluon and sea quark densities in nuclei are derived at leading order of QCD running coupling. The calculations are performed in the framework of the rescaling model and Kimber-Martin-Ryskin (KMR) prescription, where the Bessel-inspired behavior of parton densities at small Bjorken $x$ values, obtained in the case of flat initial conditions in the double scaling QCD approximation, is applied. The derived expressions are used to evaluate the inclusive heavy flavor production in proton-lead collisions at the LHC. We find a good agreement of our results with latest experimental data collected by the CMS and ALICE Collaborations at $\sqrt{s}=5.02$ GeV.

   hep-phPLB(2024)·8 citations
4. 04*

   The effective potential of composite operator in the first order region of QCD phase transition

   Hui-wen Zheng🇨🇳 · Yi Lu🇨🇳 · Fei Gao🇨🇳 · Si-xue Qin🇨🇳 · Yu-xin Liu🇨🇳

   We propose a method to determine the effective potential of QCD from the gap equation, by introducing the homotopy method between the solutions of the equation of motion. Via this method, the effective potential beyond the bare vertex approximation is obtained, which then generalizes the Cornwall, Jackiw and Tomboulis (CJT) effective potential for the bilocal composite operators. Moreover, the extended effective potential is set to be a function of self energy instead of the propagator, which is the key point for the potential to be bounded from below. We then investigate the extended effective potential in the cases of phase transition of the QCD vacuum with a small current quark mass, and the first-order phase transition of QCD at finite temperature and high baryon chemical potential. In the former case, the effective potential shows as an inflection point at the critical mass where the multiple solutions of the Dyson-Schwinger equation (DSE) vanishes, which is consistent with that obtained by solving the DSE directly. For the latter case, the in-medium properties, such as the latent heat and the difference of trace anomaly, of QCD is obtained.

   hep-phhep-thPRD(2024)·7 citations
5. 05*

   Momentum space oscillation properties of vortex states collision

   Pengcheng Zhao🇨🇳

   A qualitative calculation and discussion of two vortex states collisions are given in the scalar ${\varphi }^4$ model. Three kinds of vortex states -- Bessel, general monochromatic, and Laguerre-Gaussian vortex states -- are considered. It is found that the total final momentum distribution in collision of physical vortex states displays general topological structures, which depend on the initial vortex states' topological charges, which are proportional to the orbital angular momenta. This peculiar matching provides a novel observable, the topological number of momentum distribution, and it may represent a new fascinating research direction in particle physics. We also find that the situation when the angular momenta of the two colliding Laguerre-Gaussian states combine to zero can be recognized by the total final momentum distribution close to the collision axis. Both features can be used to measure the orbital angular momentum of vortex states.

   hep-phPRD(2024)·2 citations
6. 06*

   Jet quenching parameter in QCD kinetic theory

   Kirill Boguslavski🇦🇹 · Aleksi Kurkela🇳🇴 · Tuomas Lappi🇫🇮 · Florian Lindenbauer🇦🇹 · Jarkko Peuron🇫🇮

   We study the jet quenching parameter $\hat{q}$ in a non-equilibrium plasma using the QCD effective kinetic theory. We discuss subleading terms at large jet momentum p, show that our expression for $\hat{q}$ reproduces thermal results at small and large transverse momentum cutoffs for infinite p and construct an interpolation between these limits to be used in phenomenological applications. Using simple non-equilibrium distributions that model pertinent features of the bottom-up thermalization scenario, we analytically assess how anisotropy, under- or overoccupation affect the jet quenching parameter. Our work provides more details on the $\hat{q}$ formula used in our preceding work [arXiv:2303.12595] and sets the stage for further numerical studies of jet momentum broadening in the initial stages of heavy-ion collisions from QCD kinetic theory.

   hep-phnucl-thPRD(2024)·42 citations
7. 07*

   Re-analysis of rare radiative ${\Xi }_b^{-}\to {\Xi }^{-}\gamma$ decay in QCD

   T. M. Aliev🇹🇷 · A. Ozpineci🇹🇷 · Y. Sarac🇹🇷

   The upper limit of the branching ratio of the rare ${\Xi }_b^{-}\to {\Xi }^{-}\gamma$ decay is obtained as $BR({\Xi }_b^{-}\to {\Xi }^{-}\gamma )<1.3\times 10^{-4}$ by the LHCb. In the present work we study this decay within the light cone QCD sum rules employing the ${\Xi }_b$ distribution amplitudes. At first stage, the form factors entering the ${\Xi }_b^{-}\to {\Xi }^{-}\gamma$ decay are obtained. Next, using the results for the form factors the corresponding branching ratio for this decay is estimated to be $BR({\Xi }_b^{-}\to {\Xi }^{-}\gamma )=(4.8\pm 1.3)\times 10^{-5}$. This value lies below the upper limit established by the LHCb collaboration. Our finding for the branching ratio is also compared with the results of the other theoretical approaches existing in the literature.

   hep-phPRD(2024)·2 citations
8. 08*

   Global fit of the Aligned Two-Higgs-Doublet Model

   Anirban Karan🇪🇸 · Víctor Miralles🇬🇧 · Antonio Pich🇪🇸

   Though the Standard Model (SM) provides a very elegant description of the interactions among fundamental particles, there are ample evidences suggesting that new physics is needed. In particular, extending the scalar sector has enough motivation from vacuum stability, electroweak phase transition and various other sectors. Among different such extensions, the two-Higgs-doublet model (THDM) is the simplest one that preserves the electroweak $\rho$ parameter. Flavour-changing neutral currents (FCNC) are usually avoided by implementing additional discrete symmetries, but this type of models are subject to severe phenomenological constraints. In the more general framework of the aligned THDM (ATHDM) tree-level FCNCs are avoided by choosing the same flavour structure for the Yukawa couplings of the two scalar doublets, which results in weaker phenomenological constraints. Here, we present a global fit of the ATHDM, using the package HEPfit that performs a bayesian analysis on the parameter-space of this model with the help of stability and perturbativity bounds, experimental data for various flavour and electroweak precision observables, and constraints from Higgs searches at the LHC. This global fit has been performed assuming that all additional scalars are heavier than the SM Higgs and that there are no extra sources of CP violation beyond the CKM phase.

   hep-phPoS(2024)·9 citations
9. 09*

   Confronting solutions of the Gallium Anomaly with reactor rate data

   Carlo Giunti🇮🇹 · Christoph A. Ternes🇮🇹

   Recently, several models have been suggested to reduce the tension between Gallium and reactor antineutrino spectral ratio data which is found in the framework of 3+1 active-sterile neutrino mixing. Among these models, we consider the extensions of 3+1 mixing with a finite wavepacket size, or the decay of the heaviest neutrino ${\nu }_4$, or the possibility to have a broad ${\nu }_4$ mass distribution. We consider the reactor antineutrino rate data and we show that these models cannot liminate the tension between Gallium and reactor rate data that is found in the 3+1 neutrino mixing framework. Indeed, we show that the parameter goodness of fit remains small. We consider also a model which explains the Gallium Anomaly with non-standard decoherence in the framework of three-neutrino mixing. We find that it is compatible with the reactor rate data.

   hep-phhep-exPLB(2024)·13 citations
10. 10*

    Analysis of the $\psi (3770)$ resonance in line with unitarity and analyticity constraints

    Christoph Hanhart🇩🇪 · Stephan Kürten🇺🇸 · Méril Reboud🇩🇪 · Danny van Dyk🇬🇧

    We study the inclusive and exclusive cross sections of $e^{+}{e}^{-}\to \text{hadrons}$ for center-of-mass energies between 3.70 GeV and 3.83 GeV to infer the mass, width, and couplings of the $\psi (3770)$ resonance. By using a coupled-channel K-matrix approach, we setup our analysis to respect unitarity and the analyticity properties of the underlying scattering amplitudes. We fit several models to the full dataset and identify our nominal results through a statistical model comparison. We find that, accounting for the interplay between the $\psi (2S)$ and the $\psi (3770)$, no further pole is required to describe the $\psi (3770)$ line shape. In particular we derive from the pole location $M_{\psi (3770)}=3778.8\pm 0.3$ MeV and ${\Gamma }_{\psi (3770)}=25.0\pm 0.5$ MeV. Moreover, we find the decay to $D^{+}{D}^{-}$ and $D^0{\bar{D}}^0$ to be consistent with isospin symmetry and derive an upper bound on the branching ratio $\mathcal{B}(\psi (3770)\to \text{non-}D\bar{D})<6\%$ at $90\%$ probability.

    hep-phhep-exEPJC(2024)·13 citations
11. 11*

    Partial-wave projection of the one-particle exchange in three-body scattering amplitudes

    Andrew W. Jackura🇺🇸 · Raúl A. Briceño🇺🇸

    As the study of three-hadron physics from lattice QCD matures, it is necessary to develop proper analysis tools in order to reliably study a variety of phenomena, including resonance spectroscopy and nuclear structure. Reconstructing the three-particle scattering amplitude requires solving integral equations, which can be written in terms of data-constrained dynamical functions and physical on-shell quantities. The driving term in these equations is the so-called one-particle exchange, which leads to a kinematic divergence for particles on-mass-shell. A vital component in defining three-particle amplitudes with definite parity and total angular momentum, which are used in spectroscopic studies, is to project the one-particle exchange into definite partial waves. We present a general procedure to construct exact analytic partial wave projections of the one-particle exchange contribution for any system composed of three spinless hadrons. Our result allows one full control over the analytic structure of the projection, which we explore for some low-lying partial waves with applications to three pions.

    hep-phhep-lathep-thnucl-thPRD(2024)·27 citations
12. 12*

    New physics at the Intensity Frontier: how much can we learn and how?

    Oleksii Mikulenko🇳🇱 · Kyrylo Bondarenko🇸🇪 · Alexey Boyarsky🇳🇱 · Oleg Ruchayskiy🇩🇰

    Intensity Frontier experiments are often evaluated by the smallest coupling it can probe, irrespective of what particle can be found or the scientific significance of its detection. In this work, we propose a new framework that determines the number of events required to characterize new particle properties. For example, we show that Heavy Neutral Leptons require 100 events to establish the neutrino mass hierarchy, and 1000 events to reveal the Majorana phase of active neutrinos. Ultimately, this framework presents a more objective way to connect experiments to their scientific outcomes.

    hep-ph6 citations
13. 13*

    Functional Renormalization Group Study of Thermodynamic Geometry Around the Phase Transition of Quantum Chromodynamic

    Fabrizio Murgana🇮🇹 · Vincenzo Greco🇮🇹 · Marco Ruggieri🇮🇹 · Dario Zappalà🇮🇹

    We investigate the thermodynamic geometry of the quark-meson model at finite temperature, $T$, and quark number chemical potential, $\mu$. We extend previous works by the inclusion of fluctuations exploiting the functional renormalization group approach. We use recent developments to recast the flow equation into the form of an advection-diffusion equation. We adopt the local potential approximation for the effective average action. We focus on the thermodynamic curvature, $R$, in the $(\mu ,T)$ plane, in proximity of the chiral crossover, up to the critical point of the phase diagram. We find that the inclusion of fluctuations results in a smoother behavior of $R$ near the chiral crossover. Moreover, for small $\mu$, $R$ remains negative, signaling the fact that bosonic fluctuations reduce the capability of the system to completely overcome the fermionic statistical repulsion of the quarks. We investigate in more detail the small $\mu$ region by analyzing a system in which we artificially lower the pion mass, thus approaching the chiral limit in which the crossover is actually a second order phase transition. On the other hand, as $\mu$ is increased and the critical point is approached, we find that $R$ is enhanced and a sign change occurs, in agreement with mean field studies. Hence, we completely support the picture that $R$ is sensitive to a crossover and a phase transition, and provides information about the effective behavior of the system at the phase transition.

    hep-phcond-mat.stat-mechhep-thnucl-thPRD(2024)·8 citations
14. 14*

    Going beyond Top EFT

    André Lessa🇧🇷 · Verónica Sanz🇪🇸

    We present a new way to interpret Top Standard Model measurements going beyond the SMEFT framework. Instead of the usual paradigm in Top EFT, where the main effects come from tails in momenta distributions, we propose an interpretation in terms of new physics which only shows up at loop-level. The effects of these new states, which can be lighter than required within the SMEFT, appear as distinctive structures at high momenta, but may be suppressed at the tails of distributions. As an illustration of this phenomena, we present the explicit case of a UV model with a ${\mathcal{Z}}_2$ symmetry, including a Dark Matter candidate and a top-partner. This simple UV model reproduces the main features of this class of signatures, particularly a momentum-dependent form factor with more structure than the SMEFT. As the new states can be lighter than in SMEFT, we explore the interplay between the reinterpretation of direct searches for colored states and Dark Matter, and Top measurements made by ATLAS and CMS in the differential $t\bar{t}$ final state. We also compare our method with what one would expect using the SMEFT reinterpretation, finding that using the full loop information provides a better discriminating power.

    hep-phhep-exJHEP(2024)·11 citations
15. 15*

    What Makes A Discovery

    Dan Hooper🇺🇸

    In this contribution to the proceedings of the 182nd Nobel Symposium, I reflect on the concept of "discovery" as it is used by physicists and astronomers. In particular, I comment on how the scientific community distinguishes discoveries from propositions that are supported only by lesser forms of evidence, emphasizing the social nature of this process and remarking on the subjective factors that go into making such judgements. I advocate for an approach that is intentionally Bayesian in nature, in which individuals are encouraged to evaluate and publicly state their priors and to update them systematically. I close by applying these practices to the case example of the Galactic Center Gamma-Ray Excess.

    hep-phastro-ph.COastro-ph.GAastro-ph.HE+2NPB(2024)·1 citation
16. 16*

    Soft-gluon corrections in $t\bar{t}W$ production

    Nikolaos Kidonakis🇺🇸 · Chris Foster🇺🇸

    We study higher-order QCD corrections for the associated production of a top-antitop quark pair and a $W$ boson ($t\bar{t}W$ production) in proton-proton collisions. We calculate approximate NNLO (aNNLO) and approximate N${}^3$LO (aN${}^3$LO) cross sections, with second-order and third-order soft-gluon corrections added to the exact NLO QCD result, and we also include electroweak (EW) corrections through NLO. We calculate uncertainties from scale dependence, which are reduced at higher orders, and from parton distributions, and we also provide separate results for $t\bar{t}{W}^{+}$ and $t\bar{t}{W}^{-}$ production. We compare our results to recent measurements from the LHC, and we find that the aN${}^3$LO QCD + NLO EW predictions provide improved agreement with the data. We also calculate differential distributions in top-quark transverse momentum and rapidity and find significant enhancements from the higher-order corrections. This is the first calculation of soft-gluon corrections in single-particle-inclusive kinematics for a $2\to 3$ process where all final-state particles are massive.

    hep-phPLB(2024)·15 citations
17. 17*

    Sub-MeV Dark Matter Detection with Bilayer Graphene

    Anirban Das🇰🇷 · Jiho Jang🇰🇷 · Hongki Min🇰🇷

    The light dark matter mass regime has emerged as the next frontier in the direct detection experiment due to the lack of any detection signal in the higher mass range. In this paper, we propose a new detector material, a bilayer stack of graphene to detect sub-MeV dark matter. Its voltage-tunable low energy sub-eV electronic band gap makes it an excellent choice for the detector material of a light dark matter search experiment. We compute its dielectric function using the random phase approximation and estimate the projected sensitivity for sub-MeV dark matter-electron scattering and sub-eV dark matter absorption. We show that a bilayer graphene dark matter detector can have competitive sensitivity as other candidate target materials, like a superconductor, but with a tunable threshold energy in this mass regime. The dark matter scattering rate in bilayer graphene is also characterized by a daily modulation from the rotation of the Earth which may help us mitigate the backgrounds in a future experiment. We also outline a detector design concept and provide noise estimates that can be followed to setup an experiment in future.

    hep-phastro-ph.COcond-mat.mes-hallPRD(2024)·10 citations
18. 18*

    Short Review of the main achievements of the Scalar Field, Fuzzy, Ultralight, Wave, BEC Dark Matter model

    Tonatiuh Matos🇲🇽 · Luis A. Ureña-López🇲🇽 · Jae-Weon Lee🇰🇷

    The Scalar Field Dark Matter model has been known in various ways throughout its history; Fuzzy, BEC, Wave, Ultralight, Axion-like Dark Matter, etc. All of them consist in proposing that the dark matter of the universe is a spinless field $\Phi$ that follows the Klein-Gordon (KG) equation of motion $\square \Phi -dV/d\Phi =0$, for a given scalar field potential $V$. The difference between different models is sometimes the choice of the scalar field potential $V$. In the literature we find that people usually work in the nonrelativistic, weak-field limit of the KG equation where it transforms into the Schrödinger equation and the Einstein equations into the Poisson equation, reducing the KG-Einstein system, to the Schrödinger-Poisson system. In this paper, we review some of the most interesting achievements of this model from the historical point of view and its comparison with observations, showing that this model could be the last answer to the question about the nature of dark matter in the universe.

    ↳ astro-ph.COgr-qchep-phFront.Astron.Space Sci.(2024)·55 citations
19. 19*

    Status and Prospects of Exotic Hadrons at Belle II

    Sen Jia🇨🇳 · Weitao Xiong🇨🇳 · Chengping Shen🇨🇳

    In the past twenty years, many new hadrons that are difficult to be explained within the conventional quark model have been discovered in the quarkonium region, which are called exotic hadrons. Belle II experiment, as the next-generation $B$ factory, provides a good platform to explore them. The charmonium-like states can be produced at Belle II in several ways, such as $B$ meson decays, initial-state radiation processes, two-photon collisions, and double charmonium productions. The bottomonium-like states can be produced directly in $e^{+}{e}^{-}$ colliding energies at Belle II with low continuum backgrounds. Belle II plans to perform a high-statistics energy scan from the $B\bar{B}$ threshold up to the highest possible energy of 11.24 GeV to search for new $Y_b$ states with $J^{PC}$ = $1^{--}$, $X_b$ (the bottom counterpart of ${\chi }_{c1}(3872)$ (also known as $X(3872)$)), and partners of $Z_b$ states. In this paper, we give a mini-review on the status and prospects of exotic hadrons at Belle II.

    ↳ hep-exhep-phChin.Phys.Lett.(2023)·18 citations
20. 20*

    Glueballs in $N_f=1$ QCD

    Andreas Athenodorou🇨🇾 · Georg Bergner🇩🇪 · Michael Teper🇬🇧 · Urs Wenger🇨🇭

    We present an evaluation of the glueball spectrum for configurations produced with $N_f=1$ dynamical fermions as a function of the $m_{\mathrm{PCAC}}$ mass. We obtained masses of states that fall into the irreducible representations of the octahedral group of rotations in combination with the quantum numbers of charge conjugation $C$ and parity $P$. Due to the low signal to noise ratio, practically, we can only extract masses for the irreducible representations $R^{PC}=$ $A_1^{++}$, $E^{++}$, $T_2^{++}$ as well as $A_1^{-+}$. We make use of the Generalized Eigenvalue Problem (GEVP) with an operator basis consisting only of gluonic operators. Throughout this work we are aiming towards the identification of the effects of light dynamical quarks on the glueball spectrum and how this compares to the statistically more precise spectrum of SU(3) pure gauge theory. We used large gauge ensembles which consist of $\sim \mathcal{O}(10\mathrm{K})$ configurations. Our findings demonstrate that the low-lying spectrum of the scalar, tensor as well as pseudo-scalar glueballs receive negligible contributions from the inclusion of $N_f=1$ dynamical fermions.

    ↳ hep-lathep-phhep-thPoS(2024)·3 citations
21. 21*

    Comparing phenomenological estimates of dilepton decays of pseudoscalar mesons with lattice QCD

    Bai-Long Hoid🇨🇭 · Martin Hoferichter🇨🇭 · Jacobo Ruiz de Elvira🇪🇸

    Dilepton decays of pseudoscalar mesons have been drawing particular interest, thanks to their sensitivity to both the QCD dynamics at low energy and also signals beyond the Standard Model. In this context, we shortly review our recent study on an improved Standard-Model prediction for the rare decay ${\pi }^0\to e^{+}{e}^{-}$, and compare it with the first determination on the lattice that predicted also the ${\pi }^0\to \gamma \gamma$ decay width as a byproduct. In addition, we discuss our recent work on $K_L\to {\ell }^{+}{\ell }^{-}$ decays and its connection to lattice QCD. We comment on the current uncertainty estimates and discuss how they could be improved profiting from future experiments and progress in lattice QCD.

    ↳ hep-lathep-exhep-phnucl-thPoS(2024)·4 citations
22. 22*

    Near mass-shell double boxes

    A.V. Belitsky🇺🇸 · V.A. Smirnov🇷🇺

    Two-loop multi-leg form factors in off-shell kinematics require knowledge of planar and nonplanar double box Feynman diagrams with massless internal propagators. These are complicated functions of Mandelstam variables and external particle virtualities. The latter serve as regulators of infrared divergences, thus making these observables finite in four space-time dimensions. In this paper, we use the method of canonical differential equations for calculation of (non)planar double box integrals in the near mass-shell kinematical regime, i.e., where virtualities of external particles are much smaller than the Mandelstam variables involved. We deduce a basis of master integrals with uniform transcendental weight based on the analysis of leading singularities by means of the Baikov representation as well as an array of complementary techniques. We dub the former asymptotically canonical since it is valid in the near mass-shell limit of interest. We iteratively solve resulting differential equations up to weight four in terms of multiple polylogarithms.

    ↳ hep-thhep-phJHEP(2024)·5 citations
23. 23*

    Primordial Black Holes and Higgs Vacuum Decay

    Ruth Gregory🇬🇧

    Phase transitions are part of everyday life, yet are also believed to be part of the history of our universe, where the nature of particle interactions change as the universe settles into its vacuum state. The discovery of the Higgs, and measurement of its mass suggests that our vacuum may not be entirely stable, and that a further phase transition could take place. This article is based on a talk in the Oldenberg Series, and reviews how we find the probability of these phase transitions, discussing past work on how black holes can dramatically change the result! Apart from a brief update at the end, this article mostly follows the content of the talk.

    ↳ hep-thhep-phLect.Notes Phys.(2023)·2 citations

* Reconstructed cohort: no mailing for this day survives in the archive. Papers are grouped by their submission times and arXiv's announcement cut-off, assuming announcement without delay; positions follow identifier order. Validated at ~91% exact-day agreement against the archived era.