Tue·Mar 31, 2020Tuesday·March 31, 2020

1. 01*

   Gravitational form factors of hyperons in light-cone QCD

   U. Özdem🇹🇷 · K. Azizi🇮🇷

   The quark parts of the gravitational form factors of hyperons are calculated by means of the light-cone QCD sum rule. In the calculations, the distribution amplitudes (DAs) of $\Sigma$, $\Xi$ and $\Lambda$ together with the general forms of their interpolating currents as well as the quark part of the energy-momentum tensor current are used. These form factors can provide information on their mass and distributions of the angular momentum, energy and pressure inside the hyperons. It is obtained that the $Q^2$ dependencies of the hyperon gravitational form factors are nicely characterized by a multipole fit function. Using the fits of these form factors, some mechanical properties such as the mechanical radius of the hyperons and the pressure and energy distributions at the center of these particles are obtained. The obtained results can help us in better understanding of the internal structures of these baryons and the QCD as theory of the strong interaction.

   hep-phhep-exhep-latnucl-ex+1PRD(2020)·13 citations
2. 02*

   Neutrino dark matter and the Higgs portal: improved freeze-in analysis

   Valentina De Romeri🇪🇸 · Dimitrios Karamitros🇵🇱 · Oleg Lebedev🇫🇮 · Takashi Toma🇨🇦

   Sterile neutrinos are one of the leading dark matter candidates. Their masses may originate from a vacuum expectation value of a scalar field. If the sterile neutrino couplings are very small and their direct coupling to the inflaton is forbidden by the lepton number symmetry, the leading dark matter production mechanism is the freeze-in scenario. We study this possibility in the neutrino mass range up to 1 GeV, taking into account relativistic production rates based on the Bose-Einstein statistics, thermal masses and phase transition effects. The specifics of the production mechanism and the dominant mode depend on the relation between the scalar and sterile neutrino masses as well as on whether or not the scalar is thermalized. We find that the observed dark matter abundance can be produced in all of the cases considered. We also revisit the freeze-in production of a Higgs portal scalar, pointing out the importance of a fusion mode, as well as the thermalization constraints.

   hep-phastro-ph.COJHEP(2020)·60 citations
3. 03*

   Lensing Mechanism Meets Small-$x$ Physics: Single Transverse Spin Asymmetry in $p^{\uparrow }+p$ and $p^{\uparrow }+A$ Collisions

   Yuri V. Kovchegov🇺🇸 · M. Gabriel Santiago🇺🇸

   We calculate the single transverse spin asymmetry (STSA) in polarized proton-proton ($p^{\uparrow }+p$) and polarized proton-nucleus ($p^{\uparrow }+A$) collisions ($A_N$) generated by a partonic lensing mechanism. The polarized proton is considered in the quark-diquark model while its interaction with the unpolarized target is calculated using the small-$x$/saturation approach, which includes multiple rescatterings and small-$x$ evolution. The phase required for the asymmetry is caused by a final-state gluon exchange between the quark and diquark, as is standard in the lensing mechanism of Brodsky, Hwang and Schmidt. Our calculation combines the lensing mechanism with small-$x$ physics in the saturation framework. The expression we obtain for the asymmetry $A_N$ of the produced quarks has the following properties: (i) The asymmetry is generated by the dominant elastic scattering contribution and $1/N_c^2$ suppressed inelastic contribution (with $N_c$ the number of quark colors); (ii) The asymmetry grows or oscillates with the produced quark's transverse momentum $p_T$ until the momentum reaches the saturation scale $Q_s$, and then only falls off as $1/p_T$ for larger momenta; (iii) The asymmetry decreases with increasing atomic number $A$ of the target for $p_T$ below or near $Q_s$, but is independent of $A$ for $p_T$ significantly above $Q_s$. We discuss how these properties may be qualitatively consistent with the data on $A_N$ published by the PHENIX collaboration and with the preliminary data on $A_N$ reported by the STAR collaboration.

   hep-phhep-exnucl-exnucl-thPRD(2020)·21 citations
4. 04*

   Minimally modified $A_4$ Altarelli-Feruglio model for neutrino masses and mixings and its experimental consequences

   Minjie Lei🇺🇸 · James D. Wells🇺🇸

   We present a simple modification of the Altarelli-Feruglio $A_4$ flavor symmetry model using a minimal number of parameters congruous with the symmetries of the original theory. The resulting model is consistent with all presently known data on neutrino masses and mixings. Furthermore, it makes testable tight predictions for future experiments aimed at improving the measurements of ${\sin }^2{\theta }_{12}$, ${\sin }^2{\theta }_{13}$, ${\delta }_{\mathrm{CP}}$ and the neutrinoless double-beta decay parameter $|m_{ee}|$. Our model exploits the unique possibility of multiple allowed, yet qualitatively different, contractions of fields charged under the $A_4$ discrete symmetry.

   hep-phPRD(2020)·9 citations
5. 05*

   Strong Coupling Constants of the Doubly Heavy ${\Xi }_{QQ}$ Baryons with $\pi$ Meson

   A. R. Olamaei🇮🇷 · K. Azizi🇮🇷 · S. Rostami🇮🇷

   The doubly charmed ${\Xi }_{cc}^{++}(ccu)$ state is the only listed baryon in PDG, which was discovered in the experiment. The LHCb collaboration gets closer to discovering the second doubly charmed baryon ${\Xi }_{cc}^{+}(ccd)$, hence the investigation of the doubly charmed/bottom baryons from many aspects is of great importance that may help us not only get valuable knowledge on the nature of the newly discovered states, but also in the search for other members of the doubly heavy baryons predicted by the quark model. In this context, we investigate the strong coupling constants among the ${\Xi }_{cc}^{+(+)}$ baryons and ${\pi }^{0(\pm )}$ mesons by means of light cone QCD sum rule. Using the general forms of the interpolating currents of the ${\Xi }_{cc}^{+(+)}$ baryons and the distribution amplitudes (DAs) of the $\pi$ meson, we extract the values of the coupling constants $g_{{\Xi }_{cc}{\Xi }_{cc}\pi }$. We extend our analyses to calculate the strong coupling constants among the b-partner baryons with $\pi$ mesons, as well, and extract the values of the strong couplings $g_{{\Xi }_{bb}{\Xi }_{bb}\pi }$. It is observed that the values of the couplings under study in bottom channels are about 4 times greater than those of the charmed channels. The results of this study may help experimental groups in the analyses of the data related to the strong coupling constants among the hadronic multiplets.

   hep-phhep-exhep-latEPJC(2020)·19 citations
6. 06*

   Quark Matter within Polyakov Chiral SU(3) Quark Mean Field Model at Finite Temperature

   Manisha Kumari🇮🇳 · Arvind Kumar🇮🇳

   Thermodynamical properties of asymmetric strange quark matter using the Polyakov Chiral $\text{SU(3)}$ quark mean field (PCQMF) model at finite temperature and chemical potential have been investigated. Within the PCQMF model, the properties of quark matter are calculated through the scalar fields $\sigma$, $\zeta$, $\delta$ and $\chi$, the vector fields $\omega$, $\rho$ and $\varphi$ and the Polyakov loop fields $\Phi$ and $\bar{\Phi }$. The isospin splitting of constituent quark masses is observed at large isospin asymmetry. The effect of temperature and strangeness fraction on energy per baryon and equation of state is found to be appreciable in quark matter. The effect of the Polyakov loop dynamics on several thermodynamical bulk quantities such as energy density, entropy density, and trace anomaly is presented and compared with recent lattice QCD results.

   hep-phEur.Phys.J.Plus(2021)·25 citations
7. 07*

   Functional renormalization group study of the critical region of the quark-meson model with vector interactions

   Renan Câmara Pereira🇵🇹 · Rainer Stiele🇮🇹 · Pedro Costa🇵🇹

   The critical region of the two flavour quark-meson model with vector interactions is explored using the Functional Renormalization Group technique, a non-perturbative method that takes into account quantum and thermal fluctuations. Special attention is given to the low temperature and high density region of the phase diagram, which is very important for the evolution of proto-neutron stars and to construct the equation of state of compact stars. As in previous studies, without repulsive vector interaction, an unphysical region of negative entropy density is found near the first order chiral phase transition. We explore the connection between this unphysical region and the chiral critical region, especially the first order line and spinodal lines, using also different values for vector interactions. The effect of finite vector interactions in the critical region is explored. We find that the unphysical negative entropy density region appears because the $s=0$ isentropic line, near the critical region, is displaced from its $T=0$ location. For certain values of vector interactions this region is pushed to lower temperatures and high chemical potentials in such way that the negative entropy density region on the phase diagram of the model can even disapear. In the case of finite vector interactions, the location of the critical end point has a non-trivial behaviour in the $T-{\mu }_B$ plane, which differs from that in mean-field calculations.

   hep-phnucl-thEPJC(2020)·22 citations
8. 08*

   The specificity of the interactions of electroweak gauge bosons coming from extra dimensions

   Eduard Boos🇷🇺 · Igor Volobuev🇷🇺

   We discuss the specificity of the interactions of the electroweak gauge boson excitations in models with warped extra dimensions. In particular, we show that the couplings of the gauge boson excitations $W^{\prime }$, $Z^{\prime }$, and ${\gamma }^{\prime }$ to the SM gauge bosons treated as the zero modes of the 5D gauge fields are either exactly equal to zero or very much suppressed. In the former case, the three-particle and four-particle interaction Lagrangians of the SM gauge bosons and their lowest excitations are found explicitly. Meanwhile, the couplings of $W^{\prime }$, $Z^{\prime }$, and ${\gamma }^{\prime }$ to the SM fermions are non-zero allowing for their production and decays. These are the characteristic features of the gauge boson excitations in models with warped extra dimensions, which distinguish them from the gauge boson excitations in other models beyond the SM.

   hep-phhep-thInt.J.Mod.Phys.A(2021)·0 citations
9. 09*

   A Novel Feature of Valence Quark Distributions in Hadrons

   Christopher Leon🇺🇸 · Misak M. Sargsian🇺🇸 · Frank Vera🇺🇸

   Examining the evolution of the maximum of valence quark distribution weighted by Bjorken x, $h(x,t)\equiv x{q}_V(x,t)$, we observe that $h(x,t)$ at the peak should become a one parameter function; $h(x_p,t)=\Phi (x_p(t))$, where $x_p$ is the position of the peak and $t=\log Q^2$. This observation is used to derive a new model independent relation which connects the partial derivative of the valence parton distribution functions (PDFs) in $x_p$ to the QCD evolution equation through the $x_p$-derivative of the logarithm of the function $\Phi (x_p(t))$. A numerical analysis of this relation using empirical PDFs results in a observation of the exponential form of the $\Phi (x_p(t))=h(x_p,t)=C{e}^{D{x}_p(t)}$ for leading to next-to-next leading order approximations of PDFs for the all $Q^2$ range covering four orders in magnitude. The exponent, $D$, of the observed "height-position" correlation function converges with the increase of the order of approximation. This result holds for all PDF sets considered. A similar relation is observed also for pion valence quark distribution, indicating that the obtained relation may be universal for any non-singlet partonic distribution. The observed "height - position" correlation is used also to indicate that no finite number exchanges can describe the analytic behavior of the valence quark distribution at the position of the peak at fixed $Q^2$.

   hep-phhep-exnucl-thMDPI Physics(2021)·4 citations
10. 10*

    Sensitivities of future solar neutrino observatories to NSI

    Pouya Bakhti🇮🇷 · Meshkat Rajaee🇮🇷

    We study the matter effect caused by non-standard neutrino interactions (NSI) in the future solar neutrino experiments, DUNE, HK and MICA. The upcoming reactor experiment, JUNO is expected to provide the most precise measurements of solar neutrino oscillation parameters and is going to open up the era of sub-percent precision in the leptonic mixing sector of the Standard Model (SM). Considering JUNO can measure $\Delta m_{21}^2$ and ${\theta }_{12}$ by sub-percent precision and assuming SM as the null hypothesis, we study the possibility to constrain NSI parameters by the future solar neutrino experiments such as DUNE, HK and MICA. For this purpose, we study the effect of NSI on solar neutrino propagation in the Sun and Earth and explore the dependence of the day-night asymmetry on the NSI parameters. We also study the effect of NSI at the water Cerenkov detector on the simulated data for these experiments.

    hep-phhep-exPRD(2020)·12 citations
11. 11*

    Chiral Susceptibility in (2+1)-flavour QCD

    Jens Braun🇩🇪 · Wei-jie Fu🇨🇳 · Jan M. Pawlowski🇩🇪 · Fabian Rennecke🇺🇸 · Daniel Rosenblüh🇩🇪 · Shi Yin🇨🇳

    We calculate chiral susceptibilities in (2+1)-flavour QCD for different masses of the light quarks using the functional renormalisation group (fRG) approach to first-principles QCD. We follow the evolution of the chiral susceptibilities with decreasing masses as obtained from both the light-quark and the reduced quark condensate. The latter compares very well with recent results from the HotQCD collaboration for pion masses $m_{\pi }\gtrsim 100\text{MeV}$. For smaller pion masses, the fRG and lattice results are still consistent. In particular, the estimates for the chiral critical temperature are in very good agreement. We close by discussing different extrapolations to the chiral limit.

    hep-phhep-latPRD(2020)·84 citations
12. 12*

    A radiative seesaw model with three Higgs doublets in modular $A_4$ symmetry

    Hiroshi Okada🇰🇷 · Yutaro Shoji🇯🇵

    We propose a radiative seesaw model based on a modular $A_4$ symmetry, which has good predictability in the lepton sector. We execute a numerical analysis to search for parameters that satisfy the experimental constraints such as those from neutrino oscillation data and lepton flavor violations. Then, we present several predictions in our model that originate from the modular symmetry at a fixed point as well as fundamental region of $\tau$.

    hep-phNPB(2020)·72 citations
13. 13*

    Forbidden Freeze-In

    Luc Darmé🇵🇱 · Andrzej Hryczuk🇵🇱 · Dimitrios Karamitros🇵🇱 · Leszek Roszkowski🇵🇱

    We study the importance of a frozen-in dark matter production regime, where the dark matter particle is produced via kinematically forbidden decays that arise from significant thermal correction to the mass a mediator particle in the plasma.

    hep-phPoS(2020)·1 citation
14. 14*

    Flipping principle for neutrino mass and dark matter

    Phung Van Dong🇻🇳

    Flipping a symmetry often leads to a more fundamental symmetry and new physics insight. Applying this principle to the standard model electroweak symmetry, we obtain a novel gauge symmetry, which defines dark charge besides electric charge, neutrino mass mechanism, and resultant dark parity as residual flipped symmetry. The dark parity divides the model particles into two classes: odd and even. The dark matter candidate transforms as a fermion or a scalar singlet, having a mass below the electron mass, being stabilized by the dark parity. Scenarios for consistent neutrino mass generation and dark matter relic are proposed. The nature and further implication of the flipping approach are determined.

    hep-phhep-thPRD(2020)·13 citations
15. 15*

    MeV-scale reheating temperature and cosmological production of light sterile neutrinos

    Takuya Hasegawa🇯🇵 · Nagisa Hiroshima🇯🇵 · Kazunori Kohri🇯🇵 · Rasmus S. L. Hansen🇩🇪 · Thomas Tram🇩🇰 · Steen Hannestad🇩🇰

    We investigate how sterile neutrinos with a range of masses influence cosmology in MeV-scale reheating temperature scenarios. By computing the production of sterile neutrinos through the combination of mixing and scattering in the early Universe, we find that light sterile neutrinos, with masses and mixings as inferred from short-baseline neutrino oscillation experiments, are consistent with big-bang nucleosynthesis (BBN) and cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation for the reheating temperature of $\mathcal{O}(1)$ MeV if the parent particle responsible for reheating decays into electromagnetic components (radiative decay). In contrast, if the parent particle mainly decays into hadrons (hadronic decay), the bound from BBN becomes more stringent. In this case, the existence of the light sterile neutrinos can be cosmologically excluded, depending on the mass and the hadronic branching ratio of the parent particle.

    hep-phastro-ph.COJCAP(2020)·35 citations
16. 16*

    Heavy baryons in holographic QCD with higher dimensional degrees of freedom

    Daisuke Fujii🇯🇵 · Atsushi Hosaka🇯🇵

    We try to introduce heavy flavors to Sakai-Sugimoto model by regarding higher dimensional components of gauge fields as heavy mesons. Using the Forgács and Manton approach, we obtain a theory composed of heavy mesons and the instanton of light flavors. Applying the collective coordinate quantization method, we derived a mass formula of heavy baryons. In the leading order of $1/m_H$ expansion ($m_H$ the mass of a heavy quark), we find singlet and doublet states in the heavy quark symmetry (HQS). Also, we obtain the degenerate Roper like and odd parity excitations. By virtue of heavy meson degrees of freedom, our mass formula reproduces the mass ordering of ${\Sigma }_c^{\ast }$ and ${\Lambda }_c^{\ast }$ correctly.

    hep-phhep-thnucl-thPRD(2020)·9 citations
17. 17*

    Testing Moduli and Flavon Dynamics with Neutrino Oscillations

    Gui-Jun Ding🇨🇳 · Ferruccio Feruglio🇮🇹

    We study scalar Non-Standard Neutrino Interactions (NSI) induced by moduli or flavon exchange between electrons and neutrinos. In a region with non-vanishing electron number density, they are known to determine a shift of the neutrino mass matrix. We review and extend the relevant formalism, and we update the existing limits on electron and neutrino scalar couplings. We explore the observability of scalar NSI in models of lepton masses based on flavour symmetries. We analyze models where the scalar couplings are constrained either by abelian symmetries or by modular invariance. We highlight regions of the parameter space where observable effects can occur.

    hep-phJHEP(2020)·69 citations
18. 18*

    The use of the canonical approach in effective models of QCD

    Masayuki Wakayama🇰🇷 · Seung-il Nam🇰🇷 · Atsushi Hosaka🇯🇵

    We clarify regions where the canonical approach works well at the finite temperature and density in the Nambu-Jona-Lasinio (NJL) and Polyakov-NJL (PNJL) models. The canonical approach is a useful method for avoiding the sign problem in lattice QCD simulations at finite density, but it involves some parameters. We find that number densities computed from the canonical approach are consistent with exact values in most of the confinement phase within the parameters, which are applicable in lattice QCD.

    hep-phhep-latPRD(2020)·8 citations
19. 19*

    On the mass difference between proton and neutron

    J. Gasser (U. Bern, AEC)🇨🇭 · H. Leutwyler (U. Bern, AEC)🇨🇭 · A. Rusetsky (U. Bonn, BCTP)🇩🇪

    The Cottingham formula expresses the electromagnetic part of the mass of a particle in terms of the virtual Compton scattering amplitude. At large photon momenta, this amplitude is dominated by short distance singularities associated with operators of spin 0 and spin 2. In the difference between proton and neutron, chiral symmetry suppresses the spin 0 term. Although the angular integration removes the spin 2 singularities altogether, the various pieces occurring in the standard decomposition of the Cottingham formula do pick up such contributions. These approach asymptotics extremely slowly because the relevant Wilson coefficients only fall off logarithmically. We rewrite the formula in such a way that the leading spin 2 contributions are avoided ab initio. Using a sum rule that follows from Reggeon dominance, the numerical evaluation of the e.m. part of the mass difference between proton and neutron yields $m_{QED}^{p-n}=0.58\pm 0.16$MeV. The result indicates that the inelastic contributions are small compared to the elastic ones.

    hep-phhep-latPLB(2021)·49 citations
20. 20*

    Measuring the quartic Higgs self-coupling at a multi-TeV muon collider

    Mauro Chiesa🇫🇷 · Fabio Maltoni🇧🇪 · Luca Mantani🇧🇪 · Barbara Mele🇮🇹 · Fulvio Piccinini🇮🇹 · Xiaoran Zhao🇧🇪

    Measuring the shape of the Higgs boson potential is of paramount importance and will be a challenging task at current as well as future colliders. While the expectations for the measurement of the trilinear Higgs self-coupling are rather promising, an accurate measurement of the quartic self-coupling interaction is presently considered extremely challenging even at a future 100 TeV proton-proton collider. In this work we explore the sensitivity that a muon collider with a center of mass energy in the multi-TeV range, and luminosities of the order of 10^35cm^-2s^-1, as presently under discussion, might provide thanks to a rather large three Higgs-boson production and to a limited background. By performing a first and simple analysis, we find a clear indication that a muon collider could provide a determination of the quartic Higgs self-coupling that is significantly better than what is currently considered attainable at other future colliders.

    hep-phhep-exJHEP(2020)·143 citations
21. 21*

    Top Precision for Associated Top-Pair Production Processes at the LHC

    Anna Kulesza🇩🇪 · Leszek Motyka🇵🇱 · Daniel Schwartländer🇩🇪 · Tomasz Stebel🇵🇱 · Vincent Theeuwes🇩🇪

    The studies of the associated production processes of a top-quark pair with a colour-singlet boson, e.g. Higgs, W or Z, are among the highest priorities of the LHC programme. Correspondingly, improvements in precision of theoretical predictions for these processes are of central importance. In this talk, we review our latest results on resummation of soft gluon corrections. The resummation is carried out using the direct QCD Mellin space technique in three-particle invariant mass kinematics. We discuss the impact of the soft gluon corrections on predictions for total cross sections and differential distributions.

    hep-phActa Phys.Polon.B(2020)·0 citations
22. 22*

    Parameterization and applications of the low-$Q^2$ nucleon vector form factors

    Kaushik Borah🇺🇸 · Richard J. Hill🇺🇸 · Gabriel Lee🇺🇸 · Oleksandr Tomalak🇺🇸

    We present the proton and neutron vector form factors in a convenient parametric form that is optimized for momentum transfers $\lesssim$ few GeV${}^2$. The form factors are determined from a global fit to electron scattering data and precise charge radius measurements. A new treatment of radiative corrections is applied. This parametric representation of the form factors, uncertainties and correlations provides an efficient means to evaluate many derived observables. We consider two classes of illustrative examples: neutrino-nucleon scattering cross sections at GeV energies for neutrino oscillation experiments and nucleon structure corrections for atomic spectroscopy. The neutrino-nucleon charged current quasielastic (CCQE) cross section differs by 3-5% compared to commonly used form factor models when the vector form factors are constrained by recent high-statistics electron-proton scattering data from the A1 Collaboration. Nucleon structure parameter determinations include: the magnetic and Zemach radii of the proton and neutron, $[r_M^p,r_M^n]=[0.739(41)(23),0.776(53)(28)]$ fm and $[r_Z^p,r_Z^n]=[1.0227(94)(51),-0.0445(14)(3)]$ fm; the Friar radius of nucleons, $[(r_F^p{)}^3,(r_F^n{)}^3]=[2.246(58)(2),0.0093(6)(1)]$ fm${}^3$; the electric curvatures, $[⟨r^4{⟩}_E^p,⟨r^4{⟩}_E^n]=[1.08(28)(5),-0.33(24)(3)]$ fm${}^4$; and bounds on the magnetic curvatures, $[⟨r^4{⟩}_M^p,⟨r^4{⟩}_M^n]=[-2.0(1.7)(0.8),-2.3(2.1)(1.1)]$ fm${}^4$. The first and dominant uncertainty is propagated from the experimental data and radiative corrections, and the second error is due to the fitting procedure.

    hep-phhep-exnucl-thphysics.atom-phPRD(2020)·90 citations
23. 23*

    Thermal dilepton production in collisional hot QCD medium in the presence of chromo-turbulent fields

    Lakshmi J. Naik🇮🇳 · V. Sreekanth🇮🇳 · Manu Kurian🇮🇳 · Vinod Chandra🇮🇳

    The effects of collisional processes in the hot QCD medium to thermal dilepton production from $q\overline{q}$ annihilation in relativistic heavy-ion collisions have been investigated. The non-equilibrium corrections to the momentum distribution function have been estimated within the framework of ensemble-averaged diffusive Vlasov-Boltzmann equation, encoding the effects of collisional processes and turbulent chromo-fields in the medium. The contributions from the $2\to 2$ elastic scattering processes have been quantified for the thermal dilepton production rate. It is seen that the collisional corrections enhance the equilibrium dilepton spectra at high $p_T$ and suppress at lower $p_T$. A comparative study between collisional and anomalous contributions to the dilepton production rates has also been explored. The collisional contributions are seen to be marginal over that due to collisionless anomalous transport.

    hep-phnucl-thJ.Phys.G(2022)·7 citations
24. 24*

    Correlation functions of Landau gauge Yang-Mills theory

    Markus Q. Huber🇩🇪

    Correlation functions of Yang-Mills theory in the Landau gauge are calculated from their equations of motion. The employed setup is completely parameter free and leads, within errors, to good quantitative agreement with corresponding lattice results for the ghost and gluon propagators as well as the ghost-gluon and three-gluon vertices. Also the four-gluon vertex is calculated. The present setup allows for the first time for a unique subtraction of quadratic divergences in the gluon propagator Dyson-Schwinger equation. Thus, there are no ambiguities which can arise due to the use of models or auxiliary workarounds. In addition, several self-tests of the results are described that allow assessing the truncation error in a self-consistent way. This enables a new perspective on how to identify limitations of the present setup and develop future improvements.

    hep-phPRD(2020)·99 citations
25. 25*

    Effects of the Violation of the Equivalence Principle at DUNE

    F. N. Díaz🇵🇪 · J. Hoefken🇵🇪 · A. M. Gago🇵🇪

    A number of different effects of the violation of the Equivalence Principle (VEP), taken as sub-leading mechanism of neutrino flavor oscillation, are examined within the framework of the DUNE experiment. We study the possibility of obtaining a misleading neutrino oscillation parameter region caused by our unawareness of VEP. Additionally, we evaluate the impact on the measurement of CP violation and the distinction of neutrino mass hierarchy at DUNE. Besides, limits on VEP for a wide variety of textures of the matrix that connects neutrino gravity eigenstates to flavor eigenstates are imposed. An extra-task of our study is to set limits on Hamiltonian added terms considering different energy dependencies ($E^n$, with $n=0,1,2,3$) that can be associated to the usual Lorentz violating terms defined in the Standard Model Extension Hamiltonian. In order to understand our results, approximated analytical three neutrino oscillation probability formulae are derived.

    hep-phPRD(2020)·10 citations
26. 26*

    Nucleon Decay and $n$-$\bar{n}$ Oscillations in a Left-Right Symmetric Model with Large Extra Dimensions

    Sudhakantha Girmohanta🇺🇸 · Robert Shrock🇺🇸

    We study baryon-number-violating processes, including proton and bound neutron decays and $n-\bar{n}$ oscillations, in a left-right-symmetric (LRS) model in which quarks and leptons have localized wavefunctions in extra dimensions. In this model we show that, while one can easily suppress baryon-number-violating nucleon decays well below experimental bounds, this does not suppress $n-\bar{n}$ transitions, which may occur at levels comparable to current limits. This is qualitatively similar to what was found in an extra-dimensional model with a Standard-Model low-energy effective field theory (SMEFT). We show that experimental data imply a lower limit on the mass scale $M_{n\bar{n}}$ characterizing the physics responsible for $n-\bar{n}$ oscillations in the LRS model that is significantly higher than in the extra-dimensional model using a SMEFT and explain the reason for this. Our results provide further motivation for new experiments to search for $n-\bar{n}$ oscillations.

    hep-phPRD(2020)·27 citations
27. 27*

    Constraints on Primordial Black Holes: the Importance of Accretion

    V. De Luca🇨🇭 · G. Franciolini🇨🇭 · P. Pani🇮🇹 · A. Riotto🇨🇭

    We consider the constraints on the fraction of dark matter in the universe in the form of primordial black holes taking into account the crucial role of accretion which may change both their mass and mass function. We show that accretion may drastically weaken the constraints at the present epoch for primordial black holes with masses larger than a few solar masses.

    ↳ astro-ph.COgr-qchep-phPRD(2020)·118 citations
28. 28*

    Confronting Inflation Models with the Coming Observations on Primordial Gravitational Waves

    Taotao Qiu🇨🇳 · Taishi Katsuragawa🇨🇳 · Shulei Ni🇨🇳

    The recent observations from CMB have imposed a very stringent upper-limit on the tensor/scalar ratio $r$ of inflation models, $r<0.064$, which indicates that the primordial gravitational waves (PGW), even though possible to be detected, should have a power spectrum of a tiny amplitude. However, current experiments on PGW is ambitious to detect such a signal by improving the accuracy to an even higher level. Whatever their results are, it will give us much information about the early Universe, not only from the astrophysical side but also from the theoretical side, such as model building for the early Universe. In this paper, we are interested in analyzing what kind of inflation models can be favored by future observations, starting with a kind of general action offered by the effective field theory (EFT) approach. We show a general form of $r$ that can be reduced to various models, and more importantly, we show how the accuracy of future observations can put constraints on model parameters by plotting the contours in their parameter spaces.

    ↳ astro-ph.COgr-qchep-phhep-thEPJC(2020)·4 citations
29. 29*

    Trace anomaly and dynamical quark mass

    Yi-Bo Yang🇨🇳 · Jian Liang🇺🇸 · Zhaofeng Liu🇨🇳 · Peng Sun🇨🇳

    We investigated the origin of the RI'/MOM quark mass under the Landau gauge at the non-perturbative scale, using the chiral fermion with different quark masses and lattice spacings. Our result confirms that such a mass is non-vanishing based on the linear extrapolation to the chiral and continuum limit, and shows that such a mass comes from the spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking induced by the near zero modes with the eigenvalue $\lambda <\mathcal{O}(5m_q)$, and is proportional to the quark matrix element of the trace anomaly at least down to $\sim$1.3 GeV.

    ↳ hep-lathep-phPoS(2020)·5 citations
30. 30*

    Charging the $O(N)$ model

    Oleg Antipin🇭🇷 · Jahmall Bersini🇭🇷 · Francesco Sannino🇩🇰 · Zhi-Wei Wang🇩🇰 · Chen Zhang🇹🇼

    We determine, for the first time, the scaling dimensions of a family of fixed-charge operators stemming from the critical $O(N)$ model in 4-$ϵ$ dimensions to the leading and next to leading order terms in the charge expansion but to all-orders in the coupling. We test our results to the maximum known order in perturbation theory while determining higher order terms.

    ↳ hep-thhep-phPRD(2020)·72 citations
31. 31*

    Systematic Resummation of the Large N expansion of Vector Models: Application to the Hubbard model and $2+1$ dimensional QED

    Tom Banks🇺🇸

    We introduce a hierarchy of closed equations for charge density correlation functions in the Hubbard model and $2+1$ dimensional QED. Each step in the hierarchy can be considered a large $N$ truncation of an exact, but infinite set of equations relating all $k-$point charge correlators. $N$ is the number of fermion spin components. Each step in the hierarchy sums up an infinite number of large $N$ diagrams, including all diagrams up to some fixed order, for $k$ point functions with $k\le K$. Higher point functions are replaced with their leading large $N$ behavior. The simplest truncation gives a closed nonlinear equation for the $2$ point function.

    ↳ hep-thcond-mat.str-elhep-ph2 citations
32. 32*

    Limits from the Funk Experiment on the Mixing Strength of Hidden-Photon Dark Matter in the Visible and Near-Ultraviolet Wavelength Range

    A. Andrianavalomahefa🇩🇪 · C.M. Schäfer🇩🇪 · D. Veberič🇩🇪 · R. Engel🇩🇪 · T. Schwetz🇩🇪 · H.-J. Mathes🇩🇪 · K. Daumiller🇩🇪 · M. Roth🇩🇪 · D. Schmidt🇩🇪 · R. Ulrich🇩🇪 · B. Döbrich🇨🇭 · J. Jaeckel🇩🇪 and 3 other authors

    We present results from the FUNK experiment in the search for hidden-photon dark matter. Near the surface of a mirror, hidden photons may be converted into ordinary photons. These photons are emitted perpendicular to the surface and have an energy equal to the mass of the dark matter hidden photon. Our experimental setup consists of a large, spherical mirror with an area of more than 14 m${}^2$, which concentrates the emitted photons into its central point. Using a detector sensitive to visible and near-UV photons, we can exclude a kinetic-mixing coupling of stronger than $\chi \approx 10^{-12}$ in the mass range of 2.5 to 7 eV, assuming hidden photons comprise all of the dark matter. The experimental setup and analysis used to obtain this limit are discussed in detail.

    ↳ astro-ph.COastro-ph.IMhep-exhep-ph+1PRD(2020)·65 citations
33. 33*

    $\Lambda$CDM as a Noether Symmetry in Cosmology

    David Benisty🇮🇱 · Eduardo I. Guendelman · Emil Nissimov🇧🇬 · Svetlana Pacheva🇧🇬

    The standard $\Lambda$CDM model of cosmology is formulated as a simple modified gravity coupled to a single scalar field ("darkon") possessing a non-trivial hidden nonlinear Noether symmetry. The main ingredient in the construction is the use of the formalism of non-Riemannian spacetime volume-elements. The associated Noether conserved current produces stress-energy tensor consisting of two additive parts -- dynamically generated dark energy and dark matter components non-interacting among themselves. Noether symmetry breaking via an additional scalar "darkon" potential introduces naturally an interaction between dark energy and dark matter. The correspondence between the $\Lambda$CDM model and the present "darkon" Noether symmetry is exhibited up to linear order w.r.t. gravity-matter perturbations.

    ↳ astro-ph.COgr-qchep-phInt.J.Mod.Phys.D(2020)·13 citations
34. 34*

    Hadronic High-energy Emission from Magnetically Arrested Disks in Radio Galaxies

    Shigeo S. Kimura🇯🇵 · Kenji Toma🇯🇵

    We propose a novel interpretation that gamma-rays from nearby radio galaxies are hadronic emission from magnetically arrested disks (MADs) around central black holes (BHs). The magnetic energy in MADs is higher than the thermal energy of the accreting plasma, where the magnetic reconnection or turbulence may efficiently accelerate non-thermal protons. They emit gamma-rays via hadronic processes, which can account for the observed gamma-rays for M87 and NGC 315. Non-thermal electrons are also accelerated with protons and produce MeV gamma-rays, which is useful to test our model by proposed MeV satellites. The hadronic emission from the MADs may significantly contribute to the GeV gamma-ray background and produce the multi-PeV neutrino background detectable by IceCube-Gen2. In addition, gamma-rays from MADs provide electron-positron pairs through two-photon pair production at the BH magnetosphere. These pairs can screen the vacuum gap, which affects high-energy emission and jet-launching mechanisms in radio galaxies.

    ↳ astro-ph.HEastro-ph.GAhep-phApJ(2020)·39 citations
35. 35*

    Tests of Dark MACHOs: Lensing, Accretion, and Glow

    Yang Bai🇺🇸 · Andrew J. Long🇺🇸 · Sida Lu🇮🇱

    Dark matter could take the form of dark massive compact halo objects (dMACHOs); i.e., composite objects that are made up of dark-sector elementary particles, that could have a macroscopic mass from the Planck scale to above the solar mass scale, and that also admit a wide range of energy densities and sizes. Concentrating on the gravitational interaction of dMACHOs with visible matter, we map out the mass-radius parameter space that is consistent with gravitational lensing experiments, as well as anisotropies of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) based on the spherical accretion of matter onto a dMACHO in the hydrostatic approximation. For dMACHOs with a uniform-density mass profile and total mass in the range of $\sim 10^{-12}-10M_{\odot }$, we find that a dMACHO could explain 100% of the dark matter if its radius is above $\approx 3$ times the Einstein radius of the lensing system. For a larger mass above $10M_{\odot }$, a dMACHO with radius above $\sim 1\times 10^8\text{mbox}cm\times (M/100M_{\odot }{)}^{9/2}$ is consistent with CMB observables. For a lighter dMACHO with mass below $\sim 10^{-12}{M}_{\odot }$, there still is not a good experimental probe. Finally, we point out that heavier dMACHOs with masses $\sim 0.1M_{\odot }$ may be observed by X-ray and optical telescopes if they reside at rest in a large molecular cloud, nearby to our solar system, and accrete ordinary matter to emit photons.

    ↳ astro-ph.COhep-phJCAP(2020)·52 citations
36. 36*

    Probing new physics with multi-vacua quantum tunnelings beyond standard model through gravitational waves

    Zihan Zhou🇨🇳 · Jun Yan🇨🇳 · Andrea Addazi🇨🇳 · Yi-Fu Cai🇨🇳 · Antonino Marciano🇨🇳 · Roman Pasechnik🇸🇪

    We report on a novel phenomenon of particle cosmology, which features specific cosmological phase transitions via quantum tunnelings through multiple vacua. The latter is inspired by the axiverse ideas and enables us to probe the associated new physics models through a potential observation of specific patterns in the stochastic gravitational waves background. Multiple vacua may induce the nucleation of co-existing bubbles over the phase transition epoch, hence enhancing the overall process of bubbles' nucleation. Our detailed analysis of semi-analytical and numerical solutions to the bounce equations of the path integral in three vacua case has enabled us to determine the existence of three instanton solutions. This new mechanism of cosmological phase transitions clearly predicts a possibly sizeable new source of gravitational waves, with its energy spectrum being featured with particular patterns, which could be probed by the future gravitational wave interferometers.

    ↳ astro-ph.COgr-qchep-phhep-thPLB(2021)·10 citations
37. 37*

    Non-Gaussianities in models of inflation with large and negative entropic masses

    Ricardo Z. Ferreira🇸🇪

    Models of inflation where the entropic directions have large and negative masses $|m_s|\gg H$ can be well described by a single-field EFT with an imaginary sound speed $c_s$. Among other features, they predict an exponential enhancement of the spectrum of scalar perturbations which however is not inherited by non-Gaussianities. In this work, I complete the calculation of the trispectrum in this EFT by considering the contributions from the contact interaction and the exchange diagram. While for most shapes the trispectrum is approximately constant, I find that for certain configurations where all the momenta collapse to a line the trispectrum is proportional to $(m_s/H{)}^5$ for the contact interaction and to $(m_s/H{)}^6$ for the exchange diagram, as anticipated by previous work. I also discuss the UV sensitivity of the results and argue why the EFT provides a good order of magnitude estimate. In the end, I confront the different predictions for the scalar spectrum against observations. In models where the entropic mass is proportional to a positive power of the slow-roll parameter $ϵ$, like in hyperinflation, the spectrum grows on small scales and becomes constrained by the overproduction of primordial black holes. Imposing such constraint jointly with the correct amplitude and spectral tilt at CMB scales excludes a large set of potentials. Only those where the spectral tilt is controlled by $m_s\delta /H\sim \mathcal{O}(-0.01)$, where $\delta =\dot{ϵ}/(ϵH)$ is the second slow-roll parameter, are likely observationally viable. Finally, the constraints on the bispectrum generically impose $|c_s{m}_s|/H\lesssim 10-20$ while those on the trispectrum give a weaker bound when using the constraints on $g_{\text{NL}}^{{\dot{\sigma }}^4}$ as a proxy. For hyperinflation the bispectrum bound translates into $\omega \lesssim 11$ where $\omega$ is the turning rate in field-space.

    ↳ astro-ph.COgr-qchep-phhep-thJCAP(2020)·22 citations
38. 38*

    Probes of Gravitational Waves with Atom Interferometers

    John Ellis🇬🇧 · Ville Vaskonen🇬🇧

    Atom interferometers (AIs) on earth and in space offer good capabilities for measuring gravitational waves (GWs) in the mid-frequency deciHz band, complementing the sensitivities of the LIGO/Virgo and LISA experiments and enabling probes of possible modifications of the general relativity predictions for GW propagation. We illustrate these capabilities using the projected sensitivities of the AION (terrestrial) and AEDGE (space-based) AI projects, showing that AION could improve the present LIGO/Virgo direct limit on the graviton mass by a factor $\sim 40$ to $\simeq 10^{-24}$eV, and AEDGE could improve the limit by another order of magnitude. AION and AEDGE will also have greater sensitivity than LIGO to some scenarios for Lorentz violation.

    ↳ gr-qcastro-ph.COhep-exhep-phPRD(2020)·25 citations
39. 39*

    Rapidity decorrelation of anisotropic flow caused by hydrodynamic fluctuations

    Azumi Sakai🇯🇵 · Koichi Murase🇯🇵 · Tetsufumi Hirano🇯🇵

    We investigate the effect of hydrodynamic fluctuations on the rapidity decorrelations of anisotropic flow in high-energy nuclear collisions using a (3+1)-dimensional integrated dynamical model. The integrated dynamical model consists of twisted initial conditions, fluctuating hydrodynamics, and hadronic cascades on an event-by-event basis. To understand the rapidity decorrelation, we analyze the factorization ratio in the longitudinal direction. Comparing the factorization ratios between fluctuating hydrodynamics and ordinary viscous hydrodynamics, we find a sizable effect of hydrodynamic fluctuations on rapidity decorrelations. We also propose to calculate the Legendre coefficients of the flow magnitude and the event-plane angle to understand the decorrelation of anisotropic flow in the longitudinal direction.

    ↳ nucl-thhep-phnucl-exPRC(2020)·40 citations
40. 40*

    Exhausting all exact solutions of BPS domain wall networks in arbitrary dimensions

    Minoru Eto🇯🇵 · Masaki Kawaguchi🇯🇵 · Muneto Nitta🇯🇵 · Ryotaro Sasaki🇯🇵

    We obtain full moduli parameters for generic non-planar BPS networks of domain walls in an extended Abelian-Higgs model with $N$ complex scalar fields, and exhaust all exact solutions in the corresponding $\mathbb{C}{P}^{N-1}$ model. We develop a convenient description by grid diagrams which are polytopes determined by mass parameters of the model. To illustrate the validity of our method, we work out non-planar domain wall networks for lower $N$ in $3+1$ dimensions. In general, the networks can have compact vacuum bubbles, which are finite vacuum regions surrounded by domain walls, when the polytopes of the grid diagrams have inner vertices, and the size of bubbles can be controlled by moduli parameters. We also construct domain wall networks with bubbles in the shapes of the Platonic, Archimedean, Catalan, and Kepler-Poinsot solids.

    ↳ hep-thhep-phPRD(2020)·8 citations
41. 41*

    An Accurate Reconstruction of CMB E Mode Signal over Large Angular Scales using Prior Information of CMB Covariance Matrix in ILC Algorithm

    Ujjal Purkayastha🇮🇳 · Vipin Sudevan🇮🇳 · Rajib Saha🇮🇳

    In the recent years, the internal-linear-combination (ILC) method was investigated extensively in the context of reconstruction of Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) temperature anisotropy signal using observations obtained by WMAP and Planck satellite missions. In this article, we, for the first time, apply the ILC method to reconstruct the large scale CMB E mode polarization signal, which serves as the unique probe of ionization history of the Universe, using simulated observations of 15 frequency CMB polarization maps of future generation COrE satellite mission. We find that usual ILC cleaned E mode map is highly erroneous due to presence of a chance-correlation between CMB and astrophysical foreground components in the empirical covariance matrix which is used to estimate the weight factors. The cleaned angular power spectrum for E mode is strongly biased and erroneous due to these chance correlation factors. In order to address the issues of bias and errors we extend and improve the usual ILC method for CMB E mode reconstruction by incorporating prior information of theoretical E mode angular power spectrum while estimating the weights for linear combination of input maps. Using the E mode covariance matrix effectively suppresses the CMB-foreground chance correlation power leading to an accurate reconstruction of cleaned CMB E mode map and its angular power spectrum. We provide a comparative study of the performance of the usual ILC and the new method over large angular scales of the sky and show that the later produces significantly statistically improved results than the former. The new E mode CMB angular power spectrum contains neither any significant negative bias at the low multipoles nor any positive foreground bias at relatively higher mutlipoles. The error estimates of the cleaned spectrum agree very well with the cosmic variance induced error.

    ↳ astro-ph.COgr-qchep-phhep-thMNRAS(2021)·4 citations
42. 42*

    DAMPE proton spectrum indicates a slow-diffusion zone in the nearby ISM

    Kun Fang🇨🇳 · Xiao-Jun Bi🇨🇳 · Peng-Fei Yin🇨🇳

    The hardening and softening features in the DAMPE proton spectrum are very likely to be originated from a nearby supernova remnant (SNR). The proton spectrum from the nearby SNR is required to be very hard below $\approx 10$ TeV. To reproduce this feature, we illustrate that anomalously slow-diffusion zone for cosmic rays (CRs) must be existed in the local interstellar medium (ISM) after also taking the dipole anisotropy of CRs into account. Assuming that the diffusion coefficient is homogeneous in the nearby ISM, we show that the diffusion coefficient is constrained to the magnitude of $10^{26}$ cm${}^2$ s${}^{-1}$ when normalized to 1 GeV, which is about 100 times smaller than the average value in the Galaxy. We further discuss the spatial distribution of the slow diffusion and find two distinct possibilities. In one case, the SNR is several hundred of parsecs away from the solar system, meanwhile both the SNR and the solar system are required to be included in a large slow-diffusion zone. The homogeneous diffusion belongs to this case. In the other case, the SNR is very close with a distance of $\sim 50$ pc and the slow-diffusion zone is only limited around the SNR. The required diffusion coefficient is further smaller in the latter case. This work provides a new way of studying the CR diffusion in the local ISM.

    ↳ astro-ph.HEhep-phApJ(2020)·27 citations
43. 43*

    Effective asymptotic safety and its predictive power: Gauge-Yukawa theories

    Aaron Held🇬🇧

    Effective field theory provides a new perspective on the predictive power of Renormalization Group fixed points. Critical trajectories between different fixed points confine the regions of UV-complete, IR-complete, as well as conformal theories. The associated boundary surfaces cannot be crossed by the Renormalization Group flow of any effective field theory. We delineate cases in which the boundary surface acts as an infrared attractor for generic effective field theories. Gauge-Yukawa theories serve as an example that is both perturbative and of direct phenomenological interest. We identify additional matter fields such that all the observed coupling values of the Standard Model, apart from the Abelian hypercharge, lie within the conformal region. We define a quantitative measure of the predictivity of effective asymptotic safety and demonstrate phenomenological constraints for the associated beyond Standard-Model Yukawa couplings.

    ↳ hep-thhep-phFront.in Phys.(2020)·34 citations
44. 44*

    Cosmological Dark Matter: a Review (the April Fool Edition)

    M. R. Lovell (University of Iceland)🇮🇸

    Evidence has continued to accumulate over the last few decades as to the existence and nature of dark matter. Depending on the particle candidate, the dark matter can exhibit one of several cosmologically defined models: hot dark matter, cold dark matter, warm dark matter, self-interacting dark matter, and fuzzy dark matter. In this paper I review the relevance and status of these models, whether it is possible for more than one of these models to each constitute some fraction of the dark matter, and discuss the prospects for determining if any of these models can successfully describe the properties and evolution of our own Universe.

    ↳ astro-ph.COhep-ph0 citations
45. 45*

    Dark Photon Dark Matter in the Presence of Inhomogeneous Structure

    Samuel J. Witte🇪🇸 · Salvador Rosauro-Alcaraz🇪🇸 · Samuel D. McDermott🇺🇸 · Vivian Poulin🇫🇷

    Dark photon dark matter will resonantly convert into visible photons when the dark photon mass is equal to the plasma frequency of the ambient medium. In cosmological contexts, this transition leads to an extremely efficient, albeit short-lived, heating of the surrounding gas. Existing work in this field has been predominantly focused on understanding the implications of these resonant transitions in the limit that the plasma frequency of the Universe can be treated as being perfectly homogeneous, \ie neglecting inhomogeneities in the electron number density. In this work we focus on the implications of heating from dark photon dark matter in the presence of inhomogeneous structure (which is particularly relevant for dark photons with masses in the range $10^{-15}\mathrm{eV}\lesssim m_{A^{\prime }}\lesssim 10^{-12}$ eV), emphasizing both the importance of inhomogeneous energy injection, as well as the sensitivity of cosmological observations to the inhomogeneities themselves. More specifically, we derive modified constraints on dark photon dark matter from the Ly-$\alpha$ forest, and show that the presence of inhomogeneities allows one to extend constraints to masses outside of the range that would be obtainable in the homogeneous limit, while only slightly relaxing their strength. We then project sensitivity for near-future cosmological surveys that are hoping to measure the 21cm transition in neutral hydrogen prior to reionization, and demonstrate that these experiments will be extremely useful in improving sensitivity to masses near $\sim 10^{-14}$ eV, potentially by several orders of magnitude. Finally, we discuss implications for reionization, early star formation, and late-time $y$-type spectral distortions, and show that probes which are inherently sensitive to the inhomogeneous state of the Universe could resolve signatures unique to the light dark photon...

    ↳ astro-ph.COhep-phJHEP(2020)·76 citations
46. 46*

    Relations between Clifford algebra and Dirac matrices in the presence of families

    D. Lukman🇸🇮 · M. Komendyak🇬🇧 · N.S. Mankoc Borstnik🇸🇮

    The internal degrees of freedom of fermions are in the spin-charge-family theory described by the Clifford algebra objects, which are superposition of an odd number of ${\gamma }^a$'s. Arranged into irreducible representations of "eigenvectors" of the Cartan subalgebra of the Lorentz algebra $S^{ab}$ $(=\frac{i}{2}{\gamma }^a{\gamma }^b{|}_{a\ne b})$ these objects form $2^{\frac{d}{2}-1}$ families with $2^{\frac{d}{2}-1}$ family members each. Family members of each family offer the description of all the observed quarks and leptons and antiquarks and antileptons, appearing in families. Families are reachable by ${\tilde{S}}^{ab}$ $=\frac{1}{2}{\tilde{\gamma }}^a{\tilde{\gamma }}^b{|}_{a\ne b}$. Creation operators, carrying the family member and family quantum numbers form the basic vectors. The action of the operators ${\gamma }^a$'s, $S^{ab}$, ${\tilde{\gamma }}^a$'s and ${\tilde{S}}^{ab}$, applying on the basic vectors, manifests as matrices. In this paper the basic vectors in $d=(3+1)$ Clifford space are discussed, chosen in a way that the matrix representations of ${\gamma }^a$ and of $S^{ab}$ coincide for each family quantum number, determined by ${\tilde{S}}^{ab}$, with the Dirac matrices. The appearance of charges in Clifford space is discussed by embedding $d=(3+1)$ space into $d=(5+1)$-dimensional space.

    ↳ physics.gen-phhep-phParticles(2020)·2 citations

* Reconstructed cohort: no mailing for this day survives in the archive. Papers are grouped by their submission times and arXiv's announcement cut-off, assuming announcement without delay; positions follow identifier order. Validated at ~91% exact-day agreement against the archived era.