Localized states of the non-Hermitian Schrödinger equation with a complex $1/r^2$ potential: from Efimov states to bipolarons

Abstract

We study the non-Hermitian Schrödinger equation with a complex $1/r^2$ potential, which bridges Hermitian few-body and non-Hermitian many-body physics: a real attractive potential describes Efimov bound states, whereas a purely imaginary one describes the medium-induced interaction between two heavy polarons at large separations. We solve this equation analytically, obtaining both the localized and continuum states, and compare the solutions with numerical and WKB results. As the imaginary part of the potential is increased, the energies of the Efimov bound states acquire imaginary parts and rotate counterclockwise in the complex plane. On approaching the purely imaginary potential, the excited states disappear sequentially, while the Efimov ground state is smoothly connected to a bipolaron state localized at short distance. Such a bipolaron is localized solely by the medium-induced imaginary interaction, without any attractive real potential. Solving the equation by finite differences, we find that each bipolaron state is necessarily accompanied by another localized state that oscillates on the scale of the mesh size and hence has no counterpart in the continuum limit. Each such pair coalesces at an exceptional point as the strength of the purely imaginary potential is varied, whereas the coalescence is lifted once a finite real part is introduced. We show that this behavior originates from a symmetry of the discretized Schrödinger equation that holds for any purely imaginary potential.

Comments: 13 pages, 8 figures