Quantum Phase Transitions in Nuclei and the Origin of Rhodium

Abstract

The astrophysical rapid neutron capture process (r-process) is a major nucleosynthesis process responsible for the production of elements heavier than copper. Prominent features in the observationally inferred r-process abundance distributions provide critical clues for astrophysical conditions and possible r-process sites. The lack of clear features for the r-process elements lighter than tellurium has led to a broad range of proposed possible scenarios and alternative processes that may produce these elements. Here we show that the enhancement found in the solar system of rhodium and ruthenium isotopes compared to neighboring isotopes can serve as such a feature. The enhancement can be traced back to sudden changes in shape of unstable rare isotopes in the path of the light element r-process. Such shape changes have been described as quantum phase transitions. This finding points to r-process scenarios with relatively high neutron densities and temperatures for the origin of rhodium and ruthenium in the solar system. Rhodium and ruthenium abundances observed in r-process enhanced stars can now be used as diagnostics for the r-process conditions that produce these lighter r-process elements. Observational data for these elements indicate that different types of r-processes may have operated in the early Galaxy, and that the conditions do not necessarily align with the weak and main r-process classifications used in the past.

Comments: 9 pages, 8 figures, submitted