Geometric Phases in Two-Level Mixing: From Neutral Mesons to Holonomic Qubits and Topological Majorana Modes

Abstract

We investigate the geometric structure of a Hermitian two-level mixing Hamiltonian motivated by neutral meson oscillations and its connections with qubit, fermionic, and topological descriptions. Mapping the Hamiltonian to an effective qubit representation, we analyze the geometric phase associated with cyclic parameter evolution on the Bloch sphere. Without identifying the complex mixing phase with a physical CP-violation observable, we interpret it as a CP-like geometric parameter controlling the azimuthal orientation of the Hamiltonian vector and its reversal under phase conjugation. Third-order Bargmann invariants constructed from the eigenstates yield an associated discrete phase whose dependence on the mixing parameters is examined alongside the continuous geometric construction. The cyclic evolution is also represented as a single-qubit $R_z$ phase operation and expressed through Majorana bilinears. Extending the construction to the momentum-dependent Bogoliubov-de Gennes Hamiltonian of the Kitaev chain, we relate momentum-space winding to the topological regimes and the quantized Berry (Zak) phase in the real-parameter model, while the corresponding Bargmann construction approaches the global phase in the continuum limit. Together, these results provide a geometric perspective connecting phase structure, qubit operations, fermionic representations, and momentum-space topology within related two-level Hamiltonians.

Comments: 21 pages, 4 figures