Sampling the Schwinger Model with Gauge-Equivariant Diffusion

Abstract

We present a first study of a diffusion-based approach to accelerated sampling of the $N_f=2$ lattice Schwinger model. Our work is inspired by recent and growing successes in developing such generative models for ensemble generation in LFT to overcome the well-known critical slowing down problem. We train a U(1)-equivariant score-based generative model to sample gauge link configurations from the marginal Schwinger model. By computing model likelihoods, we obtain unbiased estimates for observables that closely match those produced by MCMC simulations. We also demonstrate improvement over HMC as measured qualitatively by a reduction in topological freezing near critical parameters.

Comments: v2: Updated acknowledgements, paper unchanged. Conference paper at PAI 2026. 6 pages, 1 figure