Phantom-Divide Crossing in Exponentially Coupled Quintessence and the Role of Neutrino-Mass Freedom

Abstract

We investigate a quintessence dark-energy model with an exponential potential and an exponential coupling to cold dark matter (CDM), hereafter referred to as the CQ-EXP model, using Planck CMB, DESI BAO, and DES-Dovekie supernova observations. We also examine how variations in the neutrino mass sector affect the constraints. When the neutrino mass sum is fixed at $\sum m_{\nu }=0.06$ eV, the data favor a coupling between quintessence and CDM, with the coupling parameter $\beta$ deviating from zero at more than $3\sigma$. In particular, the observations favor the $\beta <0$ branch, where the energy transfer between the two dark sectors changes sign and the effective equation of state (EoS) of dark energy crosses the phantom divide, $w=-1$. When the effective neutrino mass parameter $\sum m_{\nu ,\mathrm{eff}}$ is treated as a free parameter, the data show a preference for negative values of $\sum m_{\nu ,\mathrm{eff}}$. This additional freedom weakens the preference for the coupling between quintessence and CDM and leads to nearly identical values of ${\chi }_{\min }^2$ for the CQ-EXP models with $\beta >0$ and $\beta <0$, corresponding respectively to models without and with phantom-divide crossing in the effective EoS. Both values are slightly larger than that obtained in the $w_0{w}_a$CDM model, indicating that the CQ-EXP model cannot be statistically distinguished from the $w_0{w}_a$CDM model with the data considered here. Therefore, when $\sum m_{\nu }$ is fixed, current observations favor the CQ-EXP model with phantom-divide crossing. In contrast, when negative values of $\sum m_{\nu ,\mathrm{eff}}$ are allowed, a CQ-EXP dark energy without crossing $w=-1$ can also provide an effective explanation of the latest observations.