Model-Building Implications from Light Magnetic Monopoles: A Case Study of Flavour Deconstruction

Abstract

We highlight a generic connection between extensions of the Standard Model featuring low-scale semi-simple embeddings of $\mathrm{U}(1{)}_{\mathrm{EM}}$ and the phenomenology of light magnetic monopoles in the early Universe. Combining cosmological, astrophysical, and direct-search constraints, we show that magnetic monopoles with masses far below the scale of Grand Unified Theories are generically excluded and require low-scale inflation to dilute their abundance, followed by reheating below the monopole-production scale. These constraints are particularly relevant for flavour non-universal models, which provide a well-motivated framework to address the hierarchical structure of Yukawa couplings while allowing new dynamics close to the TeV scale compatible with experimental bounds. In many of these constructions, the sequential breaking of semi-simple gauge groups through intermediate stages containing a $\mathrm{U}(1)$ factor generically leads to the production of light magnetic monopoles. We show that the parameter region naturally predicted by these models implies low-scale inflation, with reheating temperature as low as $10^3\text{–}10^4\mathrm{TeV}$. These results significantly reduce the otherwise large allowed inflationary window and establish a direct connection between flavour physics and the thermal history of the early Universe: future evidence for a low-scale semi-simple embedding of $\mathrm{U}(1{)}_{\mathrm{EM}}$, in particular through flavour non-universal interactions, would point towards low-scale reheating, while probes of primordial gravitational waves could directly constrain the scale at which low-scale semi-simple groups can appear.