New bound on the vectorial axion-down-strange coupling from $K^{+}\to {\pi }^{+}\nu \bar{\nu }$ data

Abstract

We reinterpret publicly available $K^{+}\to {\pi }^{+}\nu \bar{\nu }$ data collected by NA62 from 2016 to 2024 to constrain the fundamental vectorial coupling of the QCD axion to down and strange quarks. Using a fully reproducible likelihood analysis and a complete renormalization-group evolution of the axion couplings from the Peccei-Quinn (PQ) scale to the kaon scale, we translate the experimental limit into bounds on both the low-energy flavour-violating coupling and the fundamental UV parameters. In the generic regime where strong contributions dominate the decay amplitude, we obtain $|(F_V{)}_{sd}({\mu }_K)|>1.6\times 10^{12}\text{GeV}$. The coexistence of parametrically suppressed weak contributions implies a second, conceptually distinct constraint: the fact that weak-amplitude dominance arises from highly tuned UV coupling configurations, translates into a conservative general lower limit on the PQ scale, $f_a>4.9\times 10^4\text{GeV}$. These results provide the strongest accelerator-based constraints on axion-induced $d\leftrightarrow s$ transitions and establish a robust lower bound on $f_a$, complementary to astrophysical limits.

Comments: 17 pages, 8 figures