Constraining the Gravitational-Wave Spectrum from Cosmological First-Order Phase Transitions Using Data from LIGO-Virgo First Three Observing Runs

Abstract

We search for a first-order phase transition (PT) gravitational wave (GW) signal from Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo's first three observing runs. Due to the large theoretical uncertainties, four GW energy spectral shapes from bubble and sound wave collisions widely adopted in literature are investigated, separately. Our results indicate that there is no evidence for the existence of such GW signals, and therefore we give the upper limits on the amplitude of GW energy spectrum ${\Omega }_{\text{pt}}(f_{\ast })$ in the peak frequency range of $f_{\ast }\in [5,500]$ Hz for these four theoretical models, separately. We find that ${\Omega }_{\text{pt}}(f_{\ast }\simeq 40\text{Hz})<1.3\times 10^{-8}$ at $95\%$ credible level, and roughly $H_{\ast }/\beta \lesssim 0.1$ and $\alpha \lesssim 1$ at $68\%$ credible level in the peak frequency range of $20\lesssim f_{\ast }\lesssim 100$ Hz corresponding to the most sensitive frequency band of Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo's first three observing runs, where $H_{\ast }$ is the Hubble parameter when PT happens, $\beta$ is the bubble nucleation rate and $\alpha$ is the ratio of vacuum and relativistic energy density.

Comments: 7 pages, 3 figures, 3 tables; minor revision, some errors corrected