Low-Energy Supernovae Severely Constrain Radiative Particle Decays

Abstract

The hot and dense core formed in the collapse of a massive star is a powerful source of hypothetical feebly-interacting particles such as sterile neutrinos, dark photons, axion-like particles (ALPs), and others. Radiative decays such as $a\to 2\gamma$ deposit this energy in the surrounding material if the mean free path is less than the radius of the progenitor star. For the first time, we use a supernova (SN) population with particularly low explosion energies as the most sensitive calorimeters to constrain this possibility. These SNe are observationally identified as low-luminosity events with low ejecta velocities and low masses of ejected ${}^{56}$Ni. Their low energies limit the energy deposition from particle decays to less than about 0.1 B, where $1\mathrm{B}(\mathrm{bethe})=10^{51}\mathrm{erg}$. For 1-500 MeV-mass ALPs, this generic argument excludes ALP-photon couplings $G_{a\gamma \gamma }$ in the $10^{-10}$-$10^{-8}{\mathrm{GeV}}^{-1}$ range.

Comments: 5+3 pages, 2+2 figures. Minor modifications added; version published in Physical Review Letters