Searching for low mass dark matter via phonon creation in superfluid 4He

Abstract

We consider the scattering of dark matter particles from superfluid liquid ${}^4$He, which has been proposed as a target for their direct detection. Focusing on dark matter masses below ~1 MeV, we demonstrate from sum-rule arguments the importance of the production of single phonons with energies $\omega \lesssim 1$ meV. We show further that the anomalous dispersion of phonons in liquid ${}^4$He at low pressures [i.e., $d^2\omega (q)/d{q}^2>0$, where $q$ and $\omega (q)$ are the phonon momentum and energy] has the important consequence that a single phonon will decay over a relatively short distance into a shower of lower energy phonons centered on the direction of the original phonon. Thus the experimental challenge in this regime is to detect a shower of low energy phonons, not just a single phonon. Additional information from the distribution of phonons in such a shower could enhance the determination of the dark matter mass.

Comments: 17 pages, 12 figures; Updated with correction to 2-phonon integration limits, Equations 55-59