Energy distribution and equation of state of the early Universe: matching the end of inflation and the onset of radiation domination

Abstract

We study the energy distribution and equation of state of the universe between the end of inflation and the onset of radiation domination (RD), considering observationally consistent single-field inflationary scenarios, with a potential 'flattening' at large field values, and a monomial shape $V(\varphi )\propto |\varphi {|}^p$ around the origin. As a proxy for (p)reheating, we include a quadratic interaction $g^2{\varphi }^2{X}^2$ between the inflaton $\varphi$ and a light scalar 'daughter' field $X$, with $g^2>0$. We capture the non-perturbative and non-linear nature of the system dynamics with lattice simulations, obtaining that: $i)$ the final energy transferred to $X$ depends only on $p$, not on $g^2$, ; $ii)$ the final transfer of energy is always negligible for $2\le p<4$, and of order $\sim 50\%$ for $p\ge 4$; $iii)$ the system goes at late times to matter-domination for $p=2$, and always to RD for $p>2$. In the latter case we calculate the number of e-folds until RD, significantly reducing the uncertainty in the inflationary observables $n_s$ and $r$.

Comments: 7 pages + references, 5 figures. It matches published version