Hofstadter problem in higher dimensions

Abstract

We investigate some generalizations of the Hofstadter problem to higher dimensions with Abelian and non-Abelian gauge field configurations. We numerically show the hierarchical structure in the energy spectra with several lattice models. It is also pointed out the equivalence betwee the \pi-flux state and the staggered formalism of Dirac fermion.

Comments: 1+15 pages, 2 figures; minor corrections, references added