Weinberg Angle, Neutron Abundance in BBN, and Lifetime

Abstract

We present state of the art kinetic theory determination of the neutron abundance available for the Big-Bang nucleosynthesis (BBN). Our work is motivated by the study of the neutron lifespan measured in the laboratory and the unknown strength of weak interactions coupling constant $G_{\mathrm{F}}$ at finite temperature in the primordial Universe. We draw attention to the relevant dependence of $G_{\mathrm{F}}$ on the symmetry breaking Weinberg angle $s_{\mathrm{W}}^2$, a free parameter in the standard model of particle physics. We establish how the value of $s_{\mathrm{W}}^2$ by way of $G_{\mathrm{F}}$ modification influences neutron abundance available for BBN and neutron lifetime.

Comments: 23+ MDPI Particles pages, 9 figures, submitted to Particles and Plasmas special volume, ancilliary files contain data fields generated for the figurs shown, MDPI Particles 2026 in press