Transport properties of nuclear matter from anomalous fission yields

Abstract

In nuclear fission, a heavy nucleus splits into two fragments, driven by the Coulomb repulsion between the positively charged protons. The fission process is governed by the potential energy and basic transport properties of nuclear matter like inertial mass and viscosity. Both inertia and viscosity induce a delay, the so-called relaxation time, in the response towards statistical equilibrium of the mass-asymmetry degree of freedom on the fission path. We show that the conditions in the mass-asymmetry degree of freedom near the second barrier are preserved for all systems at excitation energies above a certain threshold. Anomalies that were hitherto unexplained appear in the fission yields and total kinetic energies at lower energies for trajectories, which can reach scission only by quantum-mechanical tunneling through the potential beyond the second barrier. This indicates that the relaxation time in the mass-asymmetry degree of freedom for classically allowed trajectories is longer than the dynamical saddle-to-scission time. This finding is the central result of our work that provides novel information on the transport properties of nuclear matter. Possible scenarios that explain this finding are discussed. These are either a long oscillation time due to a large influence of inertia or a strong friction resulting from a large viscosity. The first option is in severe conflict with the widely used assumption that the role of collective inertia in fission dynamics is negligible, while both options contradict the widespread assumption of local statistical equilibrium in all collective degrees of freedom along the fission path.

Comments: 14 pages, 5 figures; Fig. 1 modified; added references; revised interpretation of the data