On the validity of the complex Langevin method near the deconfining phase transition in QCD at finite density

Abstract

In our previous paper [JHEP 10 (2020) 144], we found that the complex Langevin (CL) method works for QCD at finite density on the $16^3\times 32$ lattice in the low-temperature high-density regime within the range $\mu /T=1.6-9.6$ with $\mu$ and $T$ being the quark chemical potential and the temperature, which enabled us to see a clear trend towards the formation of the Fermi sphere. Here we investigate the validity of the CL method on the $24^3\times 12$ lattice in the deconfined phase near the deconfinement phase transition. As before, we use four-flavor staggered fermions and judge the validity using the criterion based on the probability distribution of the drift term. The spatial extent is $L=(1.3-2.7\mathrm{fm})>{\Lambda }_{\mathrm{LQCD}}^{-1}\sim 1\mathrm{fm}$, in contrast to our previous study with $L<{\Lambda }_{\mathrm{LQCD}}^{-1}$. We find that the CL method works in a broad region up to $\mu /T=4.8$, while it starts to fail as we approach the phase boundary due to the singular drift problem, which can be understood qualitatively by extending the Banks-Casher relation to the case at finite density.

Comments: 30 pages, 13 figures, figures and tables are modified