Baryon preclustering at the freeze-out of heavy-ion collisions and light-nuclei production

Abstract

Following the idea of nucleon clustering and light-nuclei production in relativistic heavy-ion collisions close to the QCD critical-end point, we address the quantum effects affecting the interaction of several nucleons at finite temperature. For this aim we use the $K$-harmonics method to four-nucleon states ($\alpha$ particle), and also develop a novel semiclassical "flucton" method at finite temperature, based on certain classical paths in Euclidean time, and apply it to two- and four-particle configurations. To study possible effects on the light-nuclei production close to the QCD critical point, we also made such calculations with modified internuclear potentials. For heavy-ion experiments, we propose new measurements of light-nuclei multiplicity ratios which may show enhancements due to baryon preclustering. We point out the special role of the $\mathcal{O}(50)$ four-nucleon excitations of $\alpha$-particle, feeding into the final multiplicities of $d,t$, ${}^3$He and ${}^4$He, and propose to directly look for their two-body decays.

Comments: 20 pages, 16 figures, typos fixed, small corrections and clarifications added, quality of some plots improved, references added. Version accepted for publication by the Physical Review C journal