Extracting kinetic freeze-out temperature and radial flow velocity from an improved Tsallis distribution

Abstract

We analyze the transverse momentum ($p_T$) spectra of identified particles (${\pi }^{\pm }$, $K^{\pm }$, $p$, and $\bar{p}$) produced in gold-gold (Au-Au) and lead-lead (Pb-Pb) collisions over a $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ (center-of-mass energy per nucleon pair) range from 14.5 GeV [one of the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) energies] to 2.76 TeV [one of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) energies]. For the spectra with a narrow $p_T$ range, an improved Tsallis distribution which is in fact the Tsallis distribution with radial flow is used. For the spectra with a wide $p_T$ range, a superposition of the improved Tsallis distribution and an inverse power-law is used. Both the extracted kinetic freeze-out temperature ($T_0$) and radial flow velocity (${\beta }_T$) increase with the increase of $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$, which indicates a higher excitation and larger expansion of the interesting system at the LHC. Both the values of $T_0$ and ${\beta }_T$ in central collisions are slightly larger than those in peripheral collisions, and they are independent of isospin and slightly dependent on mass.

Comments: We have corrected the pseudorapidity ranges of the data quoted in this paper. The PHENIX data should be in the pseudorapidity range $|\eta |<0.35$, but not the rapidity range $|y|<0.5$; and the ALICE data should be in $|\eta |<0.8$ for high transverse momentum region and $|y|<0.5$ for low transverse momentum region, but not only $|y|<0.5$. These do not affect the results of the publication