System-size dependence of strangeness production from p+p to Pb+Pb: quantitative tests of the $K^{+}/{\pi }^{+}$ horn

Abstract

The pronounced maximum ("horn") in the $K^{+}/{\pi }^{+}$ excitation function observed in central Pb+Pb collisions is well established feature of collision-energy dependence, but its dependence on system size remains poorly understood. We confront hadronic (SMASH) and partonic (PHSD) transport, Glauber core-corona, canonical-ensemble suppression, and the two-phase statistical model of the early stage (SMES) with $K^{+}/{\pi }^{+}$ data spanning the complete NA61/SHINE system-size ladder (p+p, Be+Be, Ar+Sc, Xe+La) together with NA49 Pb+Pb and STAR Au+Au, quantifying every comparison by ${\chi }^2$. No single framework describes the full range: core-corona is preferred for intermediate systems, SMES with canonical strangeness conservation for heavy systems, and none reproduces the small-system data. Neither transport model generates the horn, with or without partonic degrees of freedom. The data exhibit a step-like enhancement of $K^{+}/{\pi }^{+}$ between Be+Be and Ar+Sc, quantified within the core-corona framework by a step from $\text{fcore}\approx 0.22$ (Be+Be) to $\text{fcore}\approx 0.58$ (Ar+Sc). The strangeness saturation factor $\text{gs}$ rises in two distinct steps, separating geometric core formation from thermodynamic equilibration. The $(K^{+}/{\pi }^{+})/(K^{-}/{\pi }^{-})$ double ratio, which at fixed $\text{sqrts}$ cancels the system-independent ${\mu }_B$ contribution, shows a step between light and heavy systems at a global significance of $3.7\sigma$, providing evidence for genuine strangeness enhancement beyond the pair-production baseline. Preliminary Xe+La data favor core-corona ($\text{chindf}=5.8$) over SMASH ($\text{chindf}=23.3$); finalized spectra will sharpen the CC/SMES discrimination at the $27\%$ level.